A Universal Strategy for Constructing Seamless Graphdiyne on Metal Oxides to Stabilize the Electrochemical Structure and Interface.

The structural and interfacial stabilities of metal oxides (MOs) are key issues while facing the volumetric variation and intensive interfacial polarization in electrochemical applications, including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), supercapacitors, and catalysts. The growth of a seamless all-carbon interfacial layer on MOs with complex dimensions is not only a scientific problem, but also a practical challenge in these fields. Here, the growth of graphdiyne under ultramild condition is successfully implemented in situ for coating MOs of complex dimensions. The seamless all-carbon interface and conductive network are formed at the same time. This method cleverly avoids the structural degradation of MOs at a high temperature in the presence of traditional carbon materials. Under the protection of the high-quality graphdiyne layer, the samples as LIB anodes deliver high performances in terms of Coulomb efficiency, capacity, long-term retention, and structural and interfacial stabilities. Both experimental achievements and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the graphdiyne is a particular protection layer for MOs and plays a crucial role for preventing the structural and interfacial degradation of the electrode. Furthermore, the universality of this method will promote the potential applications of many promising MOs in other electrochemical fields.