Necmiye Ün Yıldırım1, Şener Büyüköztürk2, Kezban Bayramlar3, Nuriye Özengin4, Bahar Anaforoğlu Külünkoğlu5, Özge Çoban5. 1. Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Science University, Ankara, Turkey. 2. Faculty of Education, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey. 3. Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey. 4. Kemal Demir School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey. 5. Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Shoulder pain in wheelchair (WC) basketball players is common. Yet there was no scale to define shoulder pain. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to develop a shoulder pain scale for WC basketball players. METHODS: A five-step procedure was followed: Identifying the feature, writing down the items and drafting the form, formulating the final form, pre-pilot-pilot implementation, and validity-reliability analyses. The final form of the scale consisted of 15 items about self-care and sport-specific activities. RESULTS: External factor analysis showed that the scale had a two-factor structure which is "Shoulder Pain during Sports" and "Shoulder Pain during Self-care Activities". Pre-rotation results of factor analysis showed that if all of the items were loaded on the first factor, it would have an eigenvalue more than 7 times larger than the eigenvalue of the second factor. Therefore, it can be concluded that the scale can be used as a one-dimensional scale. The Cronbach's Alpha values were found to be 0.94 and 0.92 for the shoulder pain factor during sports and self-care activities, respectively. Total value was found to be 0.95. The corrected item-total correlation values were all above 0.60. CONCLUSIONS: This newly developed valid, reliable scale allows assessment of the shoulder pain of WC basketball players.
BACKGROUND: Shoulder pain in wheelchair (WC) basketball players is common. Yet there was no scale to define shoulder pain. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to develop a shoulder pain scale for WC basketball players. METHODS: A five-step procedure was followed: Identifying the feature, writing down the items and drafting the form, formulating the final form, pre-pilot-pilot implementation, and validity-reliability analyses. The final form of the scale consisted of 15 items about self-care and sport-specific activities. RESULTS: External factor analysis showed that the scale had a two-factor structure which is "Shoulder Pain during Sports" and "Shoulder Pain during Self-care Activities". Pre-rotation results of factor analysis showed that if all of the items were loaded on the first factor, it would have an eigenvalue more than 7 times larger than the eigenvalue of the second factor. Therefore, it can be concluded that the scale can be used as a one-dimensional scale. The Cronbach's Alpha values were found to be 0.94 and 0.92 for the shoulder pain factor during sports and self-care activities, respectively. Total value was found to be 0.95. The corrected item-total correlation values were all above 0.60. CONCLUSIONS: This newly developed valid, reliable scale allows assessment of the shoulder pain of WC basketball players.