Sensory feedback control of upper- and lower-extremity motor prostheses.

The topic is introduced with a conceptual definition of sensory feedback control applied to prosthetic systems. An overview of sensory physiology is then provided. Tactile sensation and audition are specifically discussed. Next, the artificial sensory systems are evaluated. This is done with respect to sensory (input) transducers, signal encoding/decoding, and sensing output transducers. Specific prosthetic systems are then reviewed. First, upper-extremity prostheses are reviewed with respect to artificial arm/hand systems as well as neuroprostheses. Next, lower-extremity prostheses are reviewed, and include both artificial leg and foot systems as well as neuroprostheses. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding effective state-of-the-art sensory feedback control used with orthotic and prosthetic systems.