Sand crickets (Gryllus firmus) have low susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes and their pathogenic bacteria.

The entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema scapterisci, a specialist parasite of crickets, has been successfully used to combat the southern mole cricket, Neoscapteriscus borellii, which is an invasive pest of turf grass. As an entomopathogenic nematode, S. scapterisci causes rapid death of the insects it infects and uses bacteria to facilitate its parasitism. However, our understanding of the relative contributions of the nematode, S. scapterisci, and its bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus innexi, to parasitism remains limited. Here we utilized the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus, as a model host to evaluate the contributions of the EPNs S. scapterisci and S. carpocapsae, as well as their symbiotic bacteria, X. innexi and X. nematophila, respectively, to the virulence of the nematode-bacterial complex. We found that G. firmus has reduced susceptibility to infection from both S. scapterisci and the closely related generalist parasite S. carpocapsae, but that S. scapterisci is much more virulent than S. carpocapsae. Further, we found that N. borellii has reduced susceptibility to X. nematophila, and that G. firmus has reduced susceptibility to X. nematophila, X. innexi, and Serratia marcescens, much more so than other insects that have been studied. We found that the reduced susceptibility of G. firmus to bacterial infection is dependent on development, with adults being less susceptible to infection than nymphs. Our data provide evidence that unlike other EPNs, the virulence of S. scapterisci to crickets is dependent on the nematode rather than the bacterial symbiont that it carries and we speculate that S. scapterisci may be evolving independence from X. innexi.