Analysis of early infectious complications after autologous bone marrow transplantation.

We reviewed the hospital course of 35 patients who underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation. Fever and profound neutropenia developed in all. Microbiologically confirmed infection developed in 22 patients, and unconfirmed but clinically evident infection developed in six. A bacterial infection developed in 21 patients (most commonly bacteremia without a detectable focus). Mucocutaneous fungal (12 patients) and viral (13 patients) infections were common, whereas invasive fungal (two patients) and viral (one patient) infections were uncommon. New pulmonary infiltrates developed in seven patients. Six deaths occurred during the initial hospitalization for transplantation, only one of which was directly attributable to infection. Stepwise logistic regression analysis retained male gender, total body irradiation, administration of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and development of mucositis or diarrhea as predictors of decreased survival, whereas higher pretreatment albumin levels and the administration of oral nonabsorbable antifungals were associated with an increased likelihood of survival. A comparison of these infectious complications with those found in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients shows similarities and differences with potentially important implications for patient management.