The economic cost of malaria at the household level in high and low transmission areas of central India.

The cost burden of malaria at the household level, resulting from complex social, economic, and epidemiological factors, is enormous. This study was carried out to estimate the economic burden of malaria at the household level in low and high malaria transmission areas of central India. We conducted surveys with households in which at least one member had suffered from malaria in the three months preceding the survey. The human capital method was used to estimate the cost of malaria at the household level. We found that the total cost per episode of malaria was higher in high transmission areas than low transmission areas; direct costs were generally higher for adults than for children. Males spent more on diagnosis and treatment than females, and the mean work absenteeism due to malaria was higher among male adult patients than among females, though work time lost due to child illness was lower for male caregivers. Households belonging to high and middle socioeconomic status (SES) spent significantly more on malaria illness than those of low SES. However, the economic burden of malaria relative to annual incomes was highest among low SES households. Populations belonging to high transmission areas were more vulnerable to malarial infection due to geo-climatic, demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural factors, as well as the relatively poor access to health facilities that characterize these regions. Additionally, poor health-seeking practices not only increase the cost burden but also adversely affect patients' health and productivity, which lead to opportunity losses while imposing a greater economic burden on households.