Victoria C Merritt1, Kristina M Lapira2, Alexandra L Clark1,3, Scott F Sorg1,4, Madeleine L Werhane1,3, Amy J Jak1,4,5, Mark W Bondi1,4, Dawn M Schiehser1,4,5, Lisa Delano-Wood1,4,5. 1. VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS); San Diego, CA, USA. 2. University of California San Diego (UCSD); La Jolla, CA, USA. 3. San Diego State University/University of California San Diego (SDSU/UCSD), Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology; San Diego, CA, USA. 4. UCSD, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; La Jolla, CA, USA. 5. Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VASDHS; San Diego, CA, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the influence of the APOE-ε4 allele on post-concussive symptoms in military Veterans with a remote history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). METHOD: Participants (N = 77) were administered neuropsychiatric measures, on average, approximately 5 years following their most recent mTBI and provided a DNA sample for APOE genotyping. Veterans were divided into two groups based on their ε4 status (n = 14 ε4+, n = 63 ε4-). The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) was the primary outcome measure, from which a total score was derived, as well as three symptom clusters (somatic, cognitive, and affective). RESULTS: ANCOVAs showed a significant main effect of ε4 genotype on the NSI total score and somatic symptom cluster after adjusting for posttraumatic stress symptoms and mTBI history (p = .019-.028, ηp2 = .064-.073), such that ε4+ Veterans endorsed significantly greater symptoms than ε4- Veterans. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that genetic risk may help to explain the poorer long-term outcomes often observed in this population.
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the influence of the APOE-ε4 allele on post-concussive symptoms in military Veterans with a remote history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). METHOD:Participants (N = 77) were administered neuropsychiatric measures, on average, approximately 5 years following their most recent mTBI and provided a DNA sample for APOE genotyping. Veterans were divided into two groups based on their ε4 status (n = 14 ε4+, n = 63 ε4-). The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) was the primary outcome measure, from which a total score was derived, as well as three symptom clusters (somatic, cognitive, and affective). RESULTS: ANCOVAs showed a significant main effect of ε4 genotype on the NSI total score and somatic symptom cluster after adjusting for posttraumatic stress symptoms and mTBI history (p = .019-.028, ηp2 = .064-.073), such that ε4+ Veterans endorsed significantly greater symptoms than ε4- Veterans. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that genetic risk may help to explain the poorer long-term outcomes often observed in this population.
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