Ectopic fat, insulin resistance and metabolic disease in non-obese Asians: investigating metabolic gradation.

Although metabolic abnormalities commonly occur in non-obese Asians, their pathogenesis is not fully understood. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to analyze intracellular lipids in humans, and results suggest that ectopic fat accumulation in muscle and liver may induce insulin resistance in each tissue independently of obesity. Thus, measurement of ectopic fat currently plays an important role in the study of insulin resistance in non-obese Asians. In addition, studies using 2-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with a glucose tracer may clarify how tissue-specific insulin resistance in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue contributes to the development of metabolic disease in non-obese Japanese. Although numerous studies have elucidated the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in obese subjects, research on "metabolic gradation," defined as the gradual transition from an insulin-sensitive to an insulin-resistant state, is less common, especially in terms of early metabolic changes. This review addresses a simple question: when and how is insulin resistance induced in non-obese East Asians? Several studies revealed that impaired insulin clearance and hyperinsulinemia not only compensated for insulin resistance, but also secondarily facilitated insulin resistance and weight gain. In this regard, we recently found that impaired insulin clearance and hyperinsulinemia could occur in apparently healthy subjects without significant insulin resistance, suggesting that this change may be an initial trigger that drives subsequent insulin resistance and weight gain. Further research is required to clarify the pathogenesis of metabolic gradation in non-obese Asians.