Jie Dong1,2, Yinkun Yan1, Hui Fan3, Xiaoyuan Zhao1, Jie Mi1,2,4. 1. Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China. 2. Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. 3. Department of Preventive Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China. 4. Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Several formulas using spot urine have been developed to estimate 24-hour sodium excretion, but none of them have been validated in pediatrics. We aimed to evaluate the performance of 8 formulas-Kawasaki; Tanaka; International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT1); INTERSALT without potassium (INTERSALT2); Mage; Whitton; Uechi simple-mean; and Uechi regression-in estimating 24-hour sodium excretion at both population and individual levels in Chinese young adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study consisted of 284 students aged 10-15 years from Hunan, China. Two spot urine and 24-hour urine samples were collected from each participant. RESULTS: The median 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was 2,742 mg. The mean differences (95% confidence intervals) of 24-hour sodium excretion by the 8 equations were 1,613 (1,491 to 1,735) mg for Kawasaki, -12 (-97 to 73) mg for Tanaka, -214 (-319 to -110) mg for INTERSALT1, -289 (-394 to -185) mg for INTERSALT2, -615 (-730 to -500) mg for Mage, 1,082 (967 to 1,198) mg for Whitton, -479 (-610 to -348) mg for Uechi simple-mean, and -620 (-716 to -525) mg for Uechi regression. The Tanaka formula performed best in relative and absolute difference distributions, with 35.2% participants having relative differences within 10%, and 45.8% participants having absolute differences within 393 mg. The misclassification rates were all >50% except for the Tanaka formula (43.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, Tanaka could offer a plausible alternative of mean populational 24-hour sodium estimation for young adolescents. However, the results did not support the use of these equations in pediatrics at individual levels.
BACKGROUND: Several formulas using spot urine have been developed to estimate 24-hour sodium excretion, but none of them have been validated in pediatrics. We aimed to evaluate the performance of 8 formulas-Kawasaki; Tanaka; International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT1); INTERSALT without potassium (INTERSALT2); Mage; Whitton; Uechi simple-mean; and Uechi regression-in estimating 24-hour sodium excretion at both population and individual levels in Chinese young adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study consisted of 284 students aged 10-15 years from Hunan, China. Two spot urine and 24-hour urine samples were collected from each participant. RESULTS: The median 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was 2,742 mg. The mean differences (95% confidence intervals) of 24-hour sodium excretion by the 8 equations were 1,613 (1,491 to 1,735) mg for Kawasaki, -12 (-97 to 73) mg for Tanaka, -214 (-319 to -110) mg for INTERSALT1, -289 (-394 to -185) mg for INTERSALT2, -615 (-730 to -500) mg for Mage, 1,082 (967 to 1,198) mg for Whitton, -479 (-610 to -348) mg for Uechi simple-mean, and -620 (-716 to -525) mg for Uechi regression. The Tanaka formula performed best in relative and absolute difference distributions, with 35.2% participants having relative differences within 10%, and 45.8% participants having absolute differences within 393 mg. The misclassification rates were all >50% except for the Tanaka formula (43.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, Tanaka could offer a plausible alternative of mean populational 24-hour sodium estimation for young adolescents. However, the results did not support the use of these equations in pediatrics at individual levels.
Authors: Charles J Blijdorp; Thomas A Hartjes; Kuang-Yu Wei; Martijn H van Heugten; Dominique M Bovée; Ricardo P J Budde; Jacqueline van de Wetering; Joost G J Hoenderop; Martin E van Royen; Robert Zietse; David Severs; Ewout J Hoorn Journal: J Extracell Vesicles Date: 2022-01