Akram Hernández-Vásquez1, Carlos Rojas-Roque2, Marilina Santero3,4, Francisco Javier Prado-Galbarro5, Diego Rosselli6. 1. Centro de Excelencia en Estudios Económicos y Sociales, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola. Lima, Perú. 2. CIDS, Centro de Investigación en Demografía y Salud. León, Nicaragua. 3. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 4. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS). Buenos Aires, Argentina. 5. Centro de Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, México. 6. Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: . To estimate out-of-pocket spending on health (GBS) and identify its associated factors in Peruvian older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: Analytical cross-sectional study of the National Household Survey on Living Conditions and Poverty (ENAHO) 2017. Older adults were considered to be all individuals aged 60 and over and the GBS was considered the main study variable. Prevalence ratios (PR) and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRa) were estimated for each of the factors associated with GBS. GBS means were estimated using a generalized linear model with gamma distribution and log binding function. All confidence intervals (95%) of the estimators were calculated by bootstrapping with the normal-based method. RESULTS: . Eighteen 386 older adults were included, of which 56.5% reported GBS. The mean and median GBS is S/. 140.8 (USD 43.2) and S/. 34.5 (USD 10.6), respectively. Factors such as urban origin, a higher level of education, chronic diseases and higher per capita expenses increase the probability of GBS by up to 1.6 times. In those affiliated to the Integral Health Insurance (SIS), the GBS is reduced by 63.0 soles (USD 19.3) compared to those without any health insurance. CONCLUSIONS: . Six out of ten older Peruvian adults reported GBS to attend to their health needs. This generates an access inequity in terms of health services, mainly for socially-vulnerable groups. We suggest researching into the economic impact of health insurance and the preventive-promotional approach to chronic diseases, in order to reduce GBS and improve the efficiency of the Peruvian health system.
OBJECTIVES: . To estimate out-of-pocket spending on health (GBS) and identify its associated factors in Peruvian older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: Analytical cross-sectional study of the National Household Survey on Living Conditions and Poverty (ENAHO) 2017. Older adults were considered to be all individuals aged 60 and over and the GBS was considered the main study variable. Prevalence ratios (PR) and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRa) were estimated for each of the factors associated with GBS. GBS means were estimated using a generalized linear model with gamma distribution and log binding function. All confidence intervals (95%) of the estimators were calculated by bootstrapping with the normal-based method. RESULTS: . Eighteen 386 older adults were included, of which 56.5% reported GBS. The mean and median GBS is S/. 140.8 (USD 43.2) and S/. 34.5 (USD 10.6), respectively. Factors such as urban origin, a higher level of education, chronic diseases and higher per capita expenses increase the probability of GBS by up to 1.6 times. In those affiliated to the Integral Health Insurance (SIS), the GBS is reduced by 63.0 soles (USD 19.3) compared to those without any health insurance. CONCLUSIONS: . Six out of ten older Peruvian adults reported GBS to attend to their health needs. This generates an access inequity in terms of health services, mainly for socially-vulnerable groups. We suggest researching into the economic impact of health insurance and the preventive-promotional approach to chronic diseases, in order to reduce GBS and improve the efficiency of the Peruvian health system.
Authors: Sikhumbuzo A Mabunda; Mona Gupta; Wezile W Chitha; Ntombifikile G Mtshali; Claudia Ugarte; Ciro Echegaray; María Cuzco; Javier Loayza; Felipe Peralta; Seimer Escobedo; Veronica Bustos; Onke R Mnyaka; Buyiswa Swaartbooi; Natasha Williams; Rohina Joshi Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-11-28 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Ahmed Abdelmajed Alkhodary; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Aniza Ismail; Amrizal Muhammad Nur; Suzana Shahar Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-03-13 Impact factor: 3.390