Gray matter hypertrophy in primary insomnia: a surface-based morphometric study.

Studies have explored brain structural abnormalities in patients with primary insomnia (PI). However, most of them are based on volumetric measures, in a specific region of interest, and have small sample sizes. Here, we investigated changes in cortical morphology (thickness and volume) in PI using an advanced surface-based morphometric method. Sixty-seven patients with PI and 55 matched healthy controls were recruited for this study and underwent a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan. The reconstructed cortical surface was processed by Freesurfer 6.0. A general linear model was used to explore group differences in surface-based morphometric features. Furthermore, the association between these cortical features and clinical characteristics were assessed in the PI group. Compared to controls, PI patients showed cortical thickening in the left orbital frontal cortex (OFC), right rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), left middle cingulate cortex (MCC), bilateral insula, left superior parietal lobule (SPL), and right fusiform area (FFA), and showed increased cortical volume in the left OFC, right rACC, bilateral rostral middle frontal gyrus, and right FFA. Cortical thickness in the right OFC and FFA was positively correlated with the severity of insomnia in the PI group, suggesting a right-lateralized relationship. This study was the first to explore multiple-scale cortical morphometric changes in a relatively large sample of PI patients. Our results suggest that hypertrophic cortical morphology may underlie the neuropathology of primary insomnia.