Acoustic mechanogenetics.

From basic studies in understanding the role of signaling pathways to therapeutic applications in engineering new cellular functions, efficient and safe techniques to monitor and modulate molecular targets from cells to organs have been extensively developed. The developmental advancement of engineering devices such as microscope and ultrasonic transducers allows us to investigate biological processes at different scales. Synthetic biology has further emerged recently as a powerful platform for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic molecular tools. The synergetic amalgamation between engineering tools and synthetic biology has rapidly become a new front in the field of bioengineering and biotechnology. In this review, ultrasound and its generated mechanical perturbation are introduced to serve as a non-invasive engineering approach and, integrated with synthetic biology, to remotely control signaling and genetic activities for the guidance of cellular functions deep inside tissue with high spatiotemporal resolutions. This ultrasound-based approach together with synthetic biology has been applied in immunotherapy, neuroscience, and gene delivery, paving the way for the development of next-generation therapeutic tools.