Increased cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia presenting with systemic inflammatory and autoimmune manifestations.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and associated diseases, like chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (CMML), are heterogeneous, clonal disorders affecting the hematopoietic stem cells. They are characterized by dysplasia and a propensity to evolve toward acute myeloid leukemia. Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune manifestations (SIAMs) occur with a prevalence of 10% to 20% in myeloid malignancies, but the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, we aimed to characterize patient- and disease-based differences in MDS and CMML patients with and without SIAMs and explore the impact of SIAMs on progression and survival. We performed a retrospective, single-centre, and case-control study in a cohort of 93 patients diagnosed with MDS and CMML between 01/2008 and 12/2015. Thirty patients (32%) were identified with SIAMs: musculoskeletal and connective tissue (26.8%), vascular (19.5%), systemic autoinflammation (17%), skin (12.2%), gastrointestinal (9.8%), and others (14.6%). SIAMs were treated with glucocorticoids (60%), methotrexate (16.7%), biologicals (13.3%), and cyclosporine (3.3%). No significant differences between the SIAM and non-SIAM patients were observed in age, gender, or previous exposure to cancer treatment. Cardiovascular comorbidities were significantly more frequent in patients with SIAMs (63.1% vs 90%; OR 5.5; P < .01), but no differences were observed for other comorbidities or IPSS and IPSS-R risk scores. CMML and refractory anemia with excess blasts 1/2 subtypes were by tendency more frequent in patients with and refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia (RCMD) in those without SIAMs. Finally, time to progression, leukemia free survival and overall survival were similar for both groups. Despite patient heterogeneity and small cohort size, we were able to identify a significant association of SIAMs with cardiovascular comorbidities but without influence on progression or survival.