Mette Stavnsbo1, Geir K Resaland2, Sigmund A Anderssen3, Jostein Steene-Johannessen4, Sidsel L Domazet5, Turid Skrede3, Luis B Sardinha6, Susi Kriemler7, Ulf Ekelund8, Lars B Andersen3, Eivind Aadland2. 1. Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, PO BOX 133, N-6856, Sogndal, Norway; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, PO Box 4014, Sognsveien 220, Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: Mette.Stavnsbo@hvl.no. 2. Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, PO BOX 133, N-6856, Sogndal, Norway. 3. Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, PO BOX 133, N-6856, Sogndal, Norway; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, PO Box 4014, Sognsveien 220, Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway. 4. Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, PO Box 4014, Sognsveien 220, Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway; Kristiania University College, Faculty of Health Sciences, PO Box 1155, Sentrum, 0107, Oslo, Norway. 5. University of Southern Denmark, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Center of Research in Childhood Health, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark. 6. Universidade de Lisboa, Fac Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Exercise and Health Laboratory, Estrada Dacosth, Cruz-Quebrada, 1499, Lisbon, Portugal. 7. University of Zürich, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zürich, Switzerland. 8. Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, PO Box 4014, Sognsveien 220, Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: International reference values for cardiometabolic risk variables, to allow for standardization of continuous risk scores in children, are not currently available. The aim of this study was to provide international age- and gender-specific reference values for cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. METHODS: Cohorts of children sampled from different parts of Europe (North, South, Mid and Eastern) and from the United States were pooled. In total, 22,479 observations (48.7% European vs. 51.3% American), 11,234 from girls and 11,245 from boys, aged 6-18 years were included in the study. Linear mixed-model regression analysis was used to analyze the associations between age and each cardiometabolic risk factor. RESULTS: Reference values for 14 of the most commonly used cardiometabolic risk variables in clustered risk scores were calculated and presented by age and gender: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), sum of 4 skinfolds (sum4skin), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TC:HDL-C ratio, glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-score (HOMA-score), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a common standard to define cardiometabolic risk in children. Adapting this approach makes single risk factors and clustered cardiometabolic disease risk scores comparable to the reference material itself and comparable to cardiometabolic risk values in studies using the same strategy. This unified approach therefore increases the prospect to estimate and compare prevalence and trends of cardiometabolic risk in children when using continuous cardiometabolic risk scores.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: International reference values for cardiometabolic risk variables, to allow for standardization of continuous risk scores in children, are not currently available. The aim of this study was to provide international age- and gender-specific reference values for cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. METHODS: Cohorts of children sampled from different parts of Europe (North, South, Mid and Eastern) and from the United States were pooled. In total, 22,479 observations (48.7% European vs. 51.3% American), 11,234 from girls and 11,245 from boys, aged 6-18 years were included in the study. Linear mixed-model regression analysis was used to analyze the associations between age and each cardiometabolic risk factor. RESULTS: Reference values for 14 of the most commonly used cardiometabolic risk variables in clustered risk scores were calculated and presented by age and gender: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), sum of 4 skinfolds (sum4skin), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TC:HDL-C ratio, glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-score (HOMA-score), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a common standard to define cardiometabolic risk in children. Adapting this approach makes single risk factors and clustered cardiometabolic disease risk scores comparable to the reference material itself and comparable to cardiometabolic risk values in studies using the same strategy. This unified approach therefore increases the prospect to estimate and compare prevalence and trends of cardiometabolic risk in children when using continuous cardiometabolic risk scores.
Authors: Cézane Priscila Reuter; Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner; João Francisco de Castro Silveira; Priscila Tatiana da Silva; Rodrigo Antunes Lima; Karin Allor Pfeiffer; Lars Bo Andersen; Elza Daniel de Mello Journal: J Diabetes Metab Disord Date: 2021-07-06
Authors: Mette Stavnsbo; Turid Skrede; Eivind Aadland; Katrine N Aadland; Mai Chinapaw; Sigmund A Anderssen; Lars B Andersen; Geir K Resaland Journal: PLoS One Date: 2019-08-19 Impact factor: 3.240