Incorporating Innovation and New Technology Into Cardiothoracic Surgery.

The appropriate implementation of new technology, root cause analysis of "imperfect" outcomes, and the continuous reappraisal of postgraduate training are needed to improve the care of tomorrow's patients. Healthcare delivery remains one of the most expensive sectors in the United States, and the application of new and expensive technology that is necessary for the advancement of this complex specialty must be aligned with providing the best care for our patients. There are a several pathways to innovation: One is partnering with industry and the other is the investigational laboratory. Innovation and the funding thereof come from both the public and private sector. Most new trials that are likely to impact cardiothoracic surgery are industry-sponsored trials to meet the requirements necessary for regulatory approval. Cost considerations are paramount when considering integration of innovative technology and treatments into a clinical cardiothoracic surgical practice. The value of any new innovation is determined by the quality divided by the cost, and lean initiatives maximize this equation. The importance and implications of conflict of interest have been a concern for physicians, particularly when new technology or procedures are incorporated into clinical practice, and full disclosures by medical professionals and others involved are essential. Our societies and associations provide a platform for presentation and peer-reviewed discussion of new procedures, innovations, and trials and provide a venue for the sharing of knowledge on the highest quality patient care through education and research.