V Echeverry-Alzate1, K M Bühler1, J Calleja-Conde1, E Huertas2, R Maldonado3, F Rodríguez de Fonseca4, C Santiago5, F Gómez-Gallego6, A Santos7, E Giné8, J A López-Moreno9. 1. Department of Psychobiology & Behavioral Sciences Methods, School of Psychology, Campus de Somosaguas, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain. 2. Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes & Speech Therapy, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain. 3. Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. 4. Fundación IMABIS, Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, 29010, Málaga, Spain. 5. Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain. 6. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), La Rioja, Spain. 7. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain. 8. Department of Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain. 9. Department of Psychobiology & Behavioral Sciences Methods, School of Psychology, Campus de Somosaguas, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain. jalopezm@psi.ucm.es.
Abstract
RATIONALE: Only in Europe it can be estimated that more than 20 million of people would be affected by hypothyroidism in some moment of their life. Given that ethanol consumption is so frequent, it would be reasonable to ask what the consequences of ethanol consumption in those individuals affected by hypothyroidism are. OBJECTIVES: To study the interaction between hypothyroidism and ethanol consumption. METHODS: We study ethanol consumption in a rat model of methyl-mercaptoimidazole-induced-adult-onset hypothyroidism and thyroid T4/T3 hormone supplementation. Also, we studied the effects of ethanol on motor activity, memory, and anxiety. RESULTS: We found that hypothyroidism increased the voluntary ethanol consumption and that this was enhanced by thyroid hormone supplementation. Hypothyroidism was associated with motor hyperactivity which was prevented either by T4/T3 supplementation or ethanol. The relationship between hypothyroidism, ethanol, and anxiety was more complex. In an anxiogenic context, hypothyroidism and T4/T3 supplementation would increase immobility, an anxiety-like behavior, while in a less anxiogenic context would decrease rearing, a behavior related to anxiety. Regarding memory, acute ethanol administration did not alter episodic-like memory in hypothyroid rats. Gene expression of enzymes involved in the metabolism of ethanol, i.e., Adh1 and Aldh2, were altered by hypothyroidism and T4/T3 supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that hypothyroid patients would need personalized attention in terms of ethanol consumption. In addition, they point that it would be useful to embrace the thyroid axis in the study of ethanol addiction, including as a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of alcoholism and its comorbid disorders.
RATIONALE: Only in Europe it can be estimated that more than 20 million of people would be affected by hypothyroidism in some moment of their life. Given that ethanol consumption is so frequent, it would be reasonable to ask what the consequences of ethanol consumption in those individuals affected by hypothyroidism are. OBJECTIVES: To study the interaction between hypothyroidism and ethanol consumption. METHODS: We study ethanol consumption in a rat model of methyl-mercaptoimidazole-induced-adult-onset hypothyroidism and thyroid T4/T3 hormone supplementation. Also, we studied the effects of ethanol on motor activity, memory, and anxiety. RESULTS: We found that hypothyroidism increased the voluntary ethanol consumption and that this was enhanced by thyroid hormone supplementation. Hypothyroidism was associated with motor hyperactivity which was prevented either by T4/T3 supplementation or ethanol. The relationship between hypothyroidism, ethanol, and anxiety was more complex. In an anxiogenic context, hypothyroidism and T4/T3 supplementation would increase immobility, an anxiety-like behavior, while in a less anxiogenic context would decrease rearing, a behavior related to anxiety. Regarding memory, acute ethanol administration did not alter episodic-like memory in hypothyroidrats. Gene expression of enzymes involved in the metabolism of ethanol, i.e., Adh1 and Aldh2, were altered by hypothyroidism and T4/T3 supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that hypothyroidpatients would need personalized attention in terms of ethanol consumption. In addition, they point that it would be useful to embrace the thyroid axis in the study of ethanol addiction, including as a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of alcoholism and its comorbid disorders.
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