Beyond Language: Mapping Cognition and Emotion.

The use of intraoperative cognitive mapping and monitoring during awake surgery is not new, but this surgical approach has undergone important changes in recent years, especially in the context of low-grade glioma surgery. This rapid development is related to the growing awareness from neurosurgeons that sustaining quality of life in patients with a long-survival expectancy implies assessment and preservation of a range of important functions during surgery, beyond "overt" functions, such as language or motricity. Here we describe the different behavioral paradigms typically used, and how they are selected and modulated to identify and spare critical brain-wide cognitive systems.