Markers of Atherosclerosis: Part 1 - Serological Markers.

Atherosclerosis is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. With therapeutic consequences in mind, several risk scores are being used to differentiate individuals with low, intermediate or high cardiovascular (CV) event risk. The most appropriate management of intermediate risk individuals is still not known, therefore, novel biomarkers are being sought to help re-stratify them as low or high risk. This narrative review is presented in two parts. Here, in Part 1, we summarise current knowledge on serum (serological) biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Among novel biomarkers, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) has emerged as the most promising in chronic situations, others need further clinical studies. However, it seems that a combination of serum biomarkers offers more to risk stratification than either biomarker alone. In Part 2, we address genetic and imaging markers of atherosclerosis, as well as other developments relevant to risk prediction.