Microstructure and mechanical properties of rostrum in Cyrtotrachelus longimanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

The microstructure, composition and mechanical properties of the rostrum in Cyrtotrachelus longimanus (JHC Fabre) were studied utilizing light, fluorescent, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. SEM images show the morphological characteristics of rostrum's cross section; it is a typical lightweight multilayer structure - one rigid exocuticle layer and dense endocuticle layers, which construct unevenly overlapping fiber structures. The composition analysis of the rostrum shows that it is mainly composed of C, H, N, O, as well as some metal elements and microelements, such as Mg, Si, Zn, Ca and Na, which contribute to its mechanical performance. The mechanical properties of the rostrum were tested by the electronic universal testing machine, which shows it has high-specific strength and is almost the same as that of the stainless steel. The results may provide a biological template to inspire biomimetic lightweight structure design.

Introduction

Good mechanical properties of composite materials (high-specific intensity, specific rigidity, damage resistance, etc.) and lightweight structures are very valuable in high-tech industries, such as aerospace, space exploration, express trains, shipping and biomedical applications (Rambo et al. 2006; Sven et al. 2015). In developing superior materials, the common goal is to find structure and composite materials of lighter weight and higher strength (Dai & Yang 2010; Yang et al. 2010). For example, if the weight of a three-stage engine for a missile with a range of 1000 km decreases by 1 kg, the range can increase by 17 km, and if the weight of a bullet decreases by 1 kg, the range increases by 25 km. If the mass of the structure decreases by 1 kg, a spacecraft can save 20 kg in fuel consumption (Yi & Du 2003). However, the traditional metals, polymers and corresponding designs in some high-load, special environments have been unable to meet the requirements for lightweight structures. Natural structures have the desired properties, such as systems with a minimum of material and energy but maximal stability which engineers can use for reference and imitate. Inspired by nature, the synthesis of biomimetic materials, which have excellent properties such as high strength and high modulus, is the target of many researchers.

In nature, many insects have unique skills and gifts and can rapidly adapt to environments, such as ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, high or low temperatures, dry conditions/low humidity, lack of food and external hazards, due to their various multifunctional macro-/micro-lightweight structures, composite biomaterials and appropriate motions (Tabunoki et al. 2016; Zhu et al. 2016).

Many biological structures and materials (such as insect cuticles, mantis shrimp limbs, bone and beetle’s elytra ) have evolved exceptional mechanical properties in spite of the relatively weak material constituents that make up their composition (Vincent & Wegst 2004; Guo et al. 2012; Patek et al. 2013; Porter et al. 2013; Guo et al. 2014). Cyrtotrachelus longimanus (JHC Fabre), a major pest of bamboo, clasn class="Chemical">sified in the phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Coleoptera and family Curculionidae (Paine et al. 1997; Moon 2015), is a skillful driller and is able to effectively chew in holes and sucks on the bamboo. Its rostrum is an extension of the head of weevils and is often used to bore holes for oviposition (the process of laying eggs) in the host plant tissue (Andrew et al. 2016; Singh et al. 2016). It is a hollow multilayered cylindrical structure, to maximally save materials while ensuring enough strength and stiffness, and this ability has long attracted human beings. However, research on the mechanical properties of rostrum in C. longimanus is rare although there are several reports focused on the biological characteristics (Li et al. 2000 ), reproductive system (Wang et al. 2009), reproductive performance (Wang et al. 2005), control strategy (Chen et al. 2005), mouthparts, etc. (Davis 2011).

Bearing the above observation in mind, to meet the requirement of developing lightweight structures and materials, which is always demanded in engineering, the mechanical properties of rostrum in C. longimanus were studied. The purpose of this paper is to observe the microstructure of the rostrum in n class="Species">C. longimanus, analyze its composition and investigate its mechanical properties. The results may provide biological template to design a new lightweight structure and materials.

Materials and methods

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation

The specimens used for the investigation were obtained from Leshan, Sichuan Province, China. The SEM experiment and EDS (Energy Disperse Spectroscopy) test were performed at the Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Mechanical properties test were performed in Southeast University, Nanjing, China. The tests were kept under a natural light cycle, at a temperature of (25 ± 2)°C and a humidity of 50–70%. Before the observations, some preliminary preparations were done. First, the specimens were cleaned with pure water and air dried for about 30 minutes. Then, the rostrum was dehydrated using different concentrations of alcohol (30%, 50%, 75%, 85% and 95%) for about 40 minutes and air dried for about an hour. A representative specimen was shown in Figure 1(a) and the rostrum was dissected with a fine-edged scalpel (Figure 1(b)). Finally, the rostrum was sputter-coated with gold-palladium alloy and observed using SEM (QUANTA200, FEI, USA) at 20 kV.

Figure 1.

(a) Lateral habitus photograph of the Cyrtotrachelus longimanus, (b) lateral view of head of specimen; dashed line indicates approximate location of transverse plane used for SEM.

Experiment test

Mechanical properties’ investigation of the rostrum, including tension (Figure 2(a,b)), compresn class="Chemical">sion (Figure 2(c,d)), bending (Figure 2(e)) and shear (Figure 2(f)), was performed by an electronic universal testing machine (CMT4503, China) and the experiment setup was shown in Figure 2. The rostrum of C. longimanus ranges from 12 to 15 mm in length, with a diameter of about 0.9 to 1.3 mm. Due to the small size, the fixture of samples for testing was designed specially by ourselves. Previous work has shown that the presence of water in the biological structure affected its mechanical properties. Given the effects in play, the ‘dry’ samples (N = 20, each experiment test five samples) and ‘fresh’ samples (N = 20, each experiment test five samples) were tested, respectively. ‘Dry’ samples refers to the samples naturally dried for at least one month and ‘fresh’ samples refers to the samples dissected from the insects for no more than an hour. Specifically, the cross section of the rostrum must be polished for compressive test in order to make it flat and other tests without any further processing. The load velocity of 1 mm/minute is set to carry out the tests and the force–displacement curves of the rostrum were obtained.

Figure 2.

Experiment mechanism.

Results

Morphological structures

The outstanding mechanical properties of the rostrum are closely related to the macro- and microstructure. The rostrum connects the mouth and the head of the weevil, and bears a huge force and friction when it sucks on bamboo. It is a hollow multilayer cylindrical structure with a cross section as shown in Figure 3(a,b). The cuticle of the rostrum consists of exocuticle layer (EXO) and endocuticle layer (END); the endocuticle layer constitutes the thickest region. Endocuticle layer comprises the radial fibers (marked B) and the circumferential fibers (marked C), and the structure details can be seen in Figure 3(d–f). It is showed that exocuticle layer is a rigid external shell. Radial fibers and the circumferential fibers have many layers and are stacked alternately. Moreover, every layer of radial fibers conn class="Chemical">sists of many flakelets that are mineralized materials and almost perpendicular to the layers of circumferential fibers. The thickness of layers for radial fibers decreases from the outside in. Circumferential fibers are convolved along the rostrum axis. The thickness of each layer for circumferential fibers is almost equal. These fibers connect with each other and keep a certain gap, playing a supporting role. These special fiber layer structures ensure that the rostrum lightweight, higher strength and higher stiffness. In addition, the rostrum of this weevil has a non-smooth surface (Figure 3(c,d)), which plays an important role in reducing adhesion and frictional resistance while drilling holes in bamboo.

Figure 3.

Cross section of the rostrum in C. longimanus. (a) Cross section of the rostrum; (b) Details in an enlarged view of the portion of Figure 3(a) that is indicated by the arrow; (c) multilayer structure composed of exocuticle layer (marked A) and endocuticle layer. Endocuticle layer is composed of the radial fibers (marked B) and the circumferential fibers (marked C); (d) details in an enlarged view of surface for exocuticle layer; (e) details in the radial fibers; (f) details in the circumferential fibers.

Composition of the rostrum in C. longimanus

The composition of exocuticle layer, radial fibers and circumferential fibers for the rostrum was obtained by EDS analyn class="Chemical">sis. The energy spectrum diagram and elements table were shown in Figure 4. Exocuticle layer of the rostrum was mainly made of chitin, which includes C, H, N, O, metal elements and microelements, such as Mg, Si, Zn, Ca and Na (Figure 4(a)). The elements Mg and Si make the microstructure denser and harder, and help to maintain the shape of the rostrum. Radial fibers in the rostrum only consists of C, O, H elements, and the ratio of carbon to oxygen is about 61:39 (Figure 4(b)). From the energy spectrum diagram, it can be seen that radial fibers are composed of lipoid or saccharide with no protein and inorganic salts. It consists of many flakelets in ordered arrangement and there is a gap between adjacent two flakelets. The mechanical test results show that this structure can not only improve its distortion-resistant ability, but also help to the energy storage and release. The major components of circumferential fibers are cellulose and proteins, which includes several chemical elements, such as C, H, O, N, Cl, etc. (Figure 4(c)).

Figure 4.

Energy spectrum diagram of different parts in the rostrum. (a) representative energy spectrum diagram of exocuticle layer; (b) representative energy spectrum diagram of radial fibers; (c) representative energy spectrum diagram of circumferential fibers.

Mechanical properties of the weevil’s rostrum

The force–displacement curves of the rostrum materials under different kinds of load type were shown in Figures 5 and 6. It can be seen that the curves are almost linear in the elastic region, and fracture happened after a brief yield deformation, demonstrating the rostrum is mainly elastic deformation. According to the experimental results, mechanical properties of ‘dry’ and ‘fresh’ rostrum were calculated and the data are summarized in Table 1, which shows no clear difference between the dry samples and fresh ones. At the same time, the cross-section structure shows that the rostrum in n class="Species">C. longimanus is not homogeneous solid material, but a hollow porous composite material, which has excellent mechanical properties.

Figure 5.

Mechanical properties of the ‘dry’ rostrum in Cyrtotrachelus longimanus; (a) tension force–displacement curves; (b) compressive force–displacement curves; (c) shear force–displacement curves; (d) bending force–displacement curves.

Figure 6.

Mechanical properties of the ‘fresh’ rostrum in Cyrtotrachelus longimanus; (a) tension force–displacement curves; (b) compressive force–displacement curves; (c) shear force–displacement curves; (d) bending force–displacement curves.

Table 1.

Mechanical properties of rostrum.

	Dry samples (n = 20)	Fresh samples (n = 20)
Tensile strength (MPa)	20.52 ± 2.44	21.88 ± 4.64
Compressive strength (MPa)	60.7 ± 12.51	69.08 ± 4.53
Shear strength (MPa)	9.04 ± 0.88	9.42 ± 0.701
Bending strength (MPa)	189.62 ± 17.34	184.6 ± 13.02
Specific tensile strength (kN•m/kg)	26.31 ± 3.13	28.05 ± 5.95
Specific compressive strength (kN•m/kg)	77.82 ± 16.04	88.56 ± 5.81
Specific tensile stiffness (N/mm/(g/cm3))	110.38 ± 26.28	113.12 ± 39.26
Specific compressive stiffness (N/mm/(g/cm3))	643.13 ± 211.22	618.17 ± 190.28

Mechanical properties of the ‘dry’ rostrum in Cyrtotrachelus longimanus; (a) tension force–displacement curves; (b) compresn class="Chemical">sive force–displacement curves; (c) shear force–displacement curves; (d) bending force–displacement curves.

Mechanical properties of the ‘fresh’ rostrum in Cyrtotrachelus longimanus; (a) tension force–displacement curves; (b) compresn class="Chemical">sive force–displacement curves; (c) shear force–displacement curves; (d) bending force–displacement curves.

Discussion

As stated previously, the outstanding structure of biological materials is a result of evolution (Chen et al. 2014). The specimen is a member of the beetle family Curculionidae, usually called weevils. In fact, it’s called this just because the feature of this insect is the rostrum, which extends from the head and bears the chewing mouthparts. From the biomechanical point of view, the macro-/microstructures of rostrum are of significance to the lightweight structure and materials.

In this paper, the fine structure of the rostrum for C. longimanus was presented for the first time. The rostrum is a rigid structure in the sense that it has no articulations or joints (n class="Chemical">Singh et al. 2016). The SEM of its cross section (Figure 3(a)) shows that the rostrum is a hollow multilayer composite structure, whose outer layers are loosely arranged and inner layers are density aligned. We suppose that this is related to load conditions when the weevil chews the bamboo shoots, and also is the result of evolution by nature. In addition, a special double helix can be found in Figure 3(c), the neighboring layers for both radial fibers and circumferential fibers in the endocuticle layer of the rostrum were aligned at 10°–20°, and radial fibers and circumferential fibers were aligned by 80°–90°. The fiber layers overlap each other and rotate a certain angle. This structure has excellent mechanical properties, high-specific strength and high-specific stiffness. The similar double-helix structure also can be seen in bamboo fibers (Ray et al. 2005; Tan et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2016; Zou 2016) and the shell of cicada and the scarab (Chen & Wu 2006; Rao 2012; Chandran et al. 2016).

The rostrum of C. longimanus has anisotropic properties. The radial fibers in the endocuticle layer have a reinforcement effect on the mechanical properties of the rostrum, which supporting and strengthening the rostrum. The experimental results also show that the compresn class="Chemical">sion strength of rostrum is three times as the tensile strength, demonstrating the compression ability of rostrum is far greater than its tensile ability. On the other hand, according to Table 1, there is no obvious mechanical difference between the ‘fresh’ rostrum samples and dried ones.

Being very light, the compressive specific strength of ‘dry’ samples were 77.82 ± 16.04 kN m/kg, and the ‘fresh’ samples were 88.56 ± 5.81 kN m/kg. The specific tenn class="Chemical">sile stiffness and specific compressive stiffness of ‘dry’ samples were 110.38 ± 26.28 (N/mm/(g/cm3)) and 643.13 ± 211.22 (N/mm/(g/cm3)), and the values of ‘fresh’ samples were 113.12 ± 39.26 (N/mm/(g/cm3)) and 618.17 ± 190.28 (N/mm/(g/cm3)). For compressive specific strength of the rostrum, it is almost the same order as that of engineering alloys, for example, 304 stainless steel 65 kN m/kg (Wang & Meyers 2017). Therefore, the rostrum of the weevil can be an ideal model to inspire new lightweight structural design for the long tubular structure.

Conclusions

This paper presented early investigation of morphology, composition and mechanical properties of the rostrum in the Cyrtotrachelus longimanus. SEM was employed to observe the morphological features of the weevil’s rostrum. The results showed that the rostrum is a lightweight multilayer cylindrical structure, which conn class="Chemical">sists of exocuticle layer and dense endocuticle layers. Radial fibers and circumferential fibers in endocuticle layers are stacked alternately, which can maximally save materials at the same time keep its excellent mechanical properties. Composition analysis of the weevil’s rostrum shows that some metal elements and microelements are contained in the rostrum, which contribute to its mechanical performance. The mechanical tests demonstrated its compressive specific strength almost equal to that of metal alloy stainless steel. Therefore, our works provide an ideal bionic model to design a lightweight long tubular structure.

Geolocation information

The field of my research involved morphology, lightweight biomaterials, biomimetic structural design and bionic engineering.