Ying Huang1, Chunmei Wang1, Yi Zhang2, Yachan Ning1, Libing Kui1, Lipo Song1, Xiuyi Zhi2, Dan Yan3, Xunming Ji4. 1. Department of Vascular Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China. 2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China. 3. Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing100038, China. 4. Department of Interventional Radiography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of lower limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and the corresponding coagulation status in severe patients after thoracic surgery. METHODS: Severe patients after thoracic surgery who received mechanical prophylaxis of lower limb DVT between July 2016 and June 2018 were analysed retrospectively. Their general information, disease species, surgical treatment, and coagulation index were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty patients were finally included. There were 34 male and 16 female, aging from 22 to 80 years. The incidence of DVT was 22.0%, all of them were isolated calf DVT. The incidence was 29.4% in male patients, while 6.3% in female; 23.5% in malignant diseases and 18.6% in benign. All coagulation index presented no statistical difference between patients with and without DVT, except activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). CONCLUSIONS: Even on the basis of adequate mechanical prophylaxis, lower limb DVT is common in severe patients after thoracic surgery. Meanwhile, male patients and malignant diseases are more suscepted.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of lower limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and the corresponding coagulation status in severe patients after thoracic surgery. METHODS: Severe patients after thoracic surgery who received mechanical prophylaxis of lower limb DVT between July 2016 and June 2018 were analysed retrospectively. Their general information, disease species, surgical treatment, and coagulation index were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty patients were finally included. There were 34 male and 16 female, aging from 22 to 80 years. The incidence of DVT was 22.0%, all of them were isolated calfDVT. The incidence was 29.4% in male patients, while 6.3% in female; 23.5% in malignant diseases and 18.6% in benign. All coagulation index presented no statistical difference between patients with and without DVT, except activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). CONCLUSIONS: Even on the basis of adequate mechanical prophylaxis, lower limb DVT is common in severe patients after thoracic surgery. Meanwhile, male patients and malignant diseases are more suscepted.
Entities:
Keywords:
Coagulation analysis; Deep venous thrombosis; Postoperation; Thoracic surgery; Thrombelastogram
比较发生血栓和未发生血栓组的血小板计数、国际标准化比值、凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间、凝血酶时间、纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体、血栓弹力图的R值、K值、α角和MA值,除活化部分凝血活酶时间发生血栓组较未发生组显著延长外[(42.3±4.27) s vs (38.3±4.11) s, P=0.022],余均无统计学差异(表 1)。
1
发生下肢DVT和未发生下肢DVT患者凝血指标比较
Comparison of coagulation indices between lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and non-DVT patients
DVT patients
Non-DVT patients
P
Platelet count (×109/L)
206.00±106.83
217.00±83.30
0.733
Four items of coagulation
International normalized ratio (INR)
1.15±0.05
1.11±0.09
0.227
Activated partial thromboplastin time (s)
42.3±4.27
38.3±4.11
0.022
Thrombin time (s)
14.8±0.86
15.4±4.23
0.684
Fibrinogen (g/L)
4.56±1.48
4.89±1.30
0.558
D-dimer (μg/mL)
3.26±2.73
2.64±3.19
0.683
Thrombus elasto graph
R (s)
5.61±0.60
6.03±2.12
0.601
K (min)
1.46±0.31
1.43±0.54
0.908
α angle (deg)
69.53±4.12
69.90±6.29
0.882
MA (mm)
62.44±6.13
65.36±6.28
0.273
发生下肢DVT和未发生下肢DVT患者凝血指标比较Comparison of coagulation indices between lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and non-DVTpatients
讨论
VTE是外科术后常见并发症之一,虽然近年来越来越受到重视,但在胸外科术后患者VTE的防治方面,还缺乏权威的指南或共识,临床实际上对胸外科术后VTE的发生率及防治现状亦不容乐观[。本组患者的下肢DVT发生率为22.0%,略高于国内其他文献报道[,其中肺恶性肿瘤术后下肢DVT发生率为27.3%,这与本组患者均入住ICU时间较长、病情相对较重、卧床时间延长有关。但本组所有患者均接受了物理方法预防下肢DVT,发生率仍如此之高,确实值得重视并有必要探讨进一步采用药物预防DVT的价值。发生下肢DVT的11例患者均为小腿深静脉血栓,此类血栓临床上往往没有任何症状,但若不加干预,相当一部分患者会进展至大腿血栓甚至发生肺栓塞,而抗凝治疗能够阻止其进展[。本研究中恶性肿瘤的DVT发生率高于非恶性肿瘤的DVT发生率(23.5% vs 18.6%),且男性在术后发生DVT的患者中占绝大多数(10/11),男性发生术后DVT的比例为29.4%,女性为6.3%,这与余开颜、任康奇等[的研究有相似之处,但后者亦未能发现性别在统计学上的差异。本研究对比了两组患者的不同方法测量的凝血状态,除了活化部分凝血活酶时间发生血栓组较未发生血栓组明显延长外,余均无统计学差异。但值得关注的是,凝血功能检测中,除了D-二聚体外,其余指标在发生血栓组均较未发生血栓组倾向于低凝,而在血栓弹力图检测中,反映凝血因子活性的R值,发生血栓组较未发生血栓组倾向于高凝。分析其原因,可能是由于凝血功能检测仅对血浆进行分析,缺少了血小板的相互作用,而血栓弹力图对全血进行分析,后者更能够反映患者体内全面、真实的凝血状态[。当然,该假设仍须更大样本量研究验证,其机制亦须进一步深入研究。D-二聚体阴性虽然可以除外血栓形成,但由于术后大多数患者的D-二聚体也会升高[,难以将D-二聚体作为术后筛查血栓形成的指标,而床旁静脉超声检测是一种无创、便捷、经济的筛查手段,对于早期发现DVT并及时干预有着重要的积极意义。本研究作为回顾性研究有其固有的局限性,样本量偏少使结果可能产生一些偏倚。本文通过总结胸科术后重症患者下肢DVT的发生率,揭示了下肢DVT在胸科术后危重患者高发的现状,提示了胸科术后患者进行血栓筛查的必要性;通过对不同方法测得的凝血指标进行分析,认为血栓弹力图可能更有助于判断体内真实的凝血因子活性,但仍需更大样本的研究和对其机制进行深入研究。
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