Yang Yang1, Yanyan Zhao2, Shenglin Ma2, Daoke Yang1. 1. Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China. 2. Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is one of the highest morbidity and mortality in the world and it is very important to find an effective anti-tumor method. Microwave hyperthermia, a new treatment technology, has been getting more and more attention. This study was designed to investigate the effects of microwave hyperthermia combined with gemcitabine on the proliferation and apoptosis of human lung squamous cell carcinoma (NCI-H1703 and NCI-H2170) in vitro. METHODS: The proliferation of cells treated with microwave hyperthermia, the effect of gemcitabine on cell proliferation and the proliferation of cells treated with different methods of microwave hyperthermia and gemcitabine were detected by CCK-8 assay. Colony formation assay was used to measure the colony formation of human lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. Flow cytometry assay was used to detect the total apoptosis rates of the treated cells. Caspase-3, Caspase-8 activity assay was used to detect the activity of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 enzyme in each group of cells. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effect of control group, AC-DEVD (Caspase-3 inhibitor) group, thermalization combined group, and thermal AC-DEVD combined group on cell proliferation. The levels of p53, Caspase-3, Cleaved-Caspase-3, PARP, Bax and BCL-2 protein expression were detected using Western blot assay. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that microwave hyperthermia inhibited the proliferation of lung squamous cell carcinoma. The IC₅₀ values of gemcitabine for the two cells were 8.89 μmol/L and 44.18 μmol/L, respectively. The first chemotherapy after microwave hyperthermia has synergistic effect on the two lung squamous cell carcinoma cells and can significantly inhibit the cell clone formation (P<0.001), promote cell apoptosis (P<0.001) and increase Caspase-3 enzyme activity (P<0.001). However, it has no effect on Caspase-8 enzyme activity (P>0.05). Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that microwave hyperthermia combined with gemcitabine could up-regulate the p53, Caspase-3, Cleaved-Caspase-3, Cleaved-PARP and Bax protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: Microwave hyperthermia combined with gemcitabine remarkably inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of human lung squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. This effect may be associated with the activation of p53, cleavage of PARP protein, and induced the Caspase-3 dependent apoptosis.
BACKGROUND:Lung cancer is one of the highest morbidity and mortality in the world and it is very important to find an effective anti-tumor method. Microwave hyperthermia, a new treatment technology, has been getting more and more attention. This study was designed to investigate the effects of microwave hyperthermia combined with gemcitabine on the proliferation and apoptosis of humanlung squamous cell carcinoma (NCI-H1703 and NCI-H2170) in vitro. METHODS: The proliferation of cells treated with microwave hyperthermia, the effect of gemcitabine on cell proliferation and the proliferation of cells treated with different methods of microwave hyperthermia and gemcitabine were detected by CCK-8 assay. Colony formation assay was used to measure the colony formation of humanlung squamous cell carcinoma cells. Flow cytometry assay was used to detect the total apoptosis rates of the treated cells. Caspase-3, Caspase-8 activity assay was used to detect the activity of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 enzyme in each group of cells. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effect of control group, AC-DEVD (Caspase-3 inhibitor) group, thermalization combined group, and thermal AC-DEVD combined group on cell proliferation. The levels of p53, Caspase-3, Cleaved-Caspase-3, PARP, Bax and BCL-2 protein expression were detected using Western blot assay. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that microwave hyperthermia inhibited the proliferation of lung squamous cell carcinoma. The IC₅₀ values of gemcitabine for the two cells were 8.89 μmol/L and 44.18 μmol/L, respectively. The first chemotherapy after microwave hyperthermia has synergistic effect on the two lung squamous cell carcinoma cells and can significantly inhibit the cell clone formation (P<0.001), promote cell apoptosis (P<0.001) and increase Caspase-3 enzyme activity (P<0.001). However, it has no effect on Caspase-8 enzyme activity (P>0.05). Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that microwave hyperthermia combined with gemcitabine could up-regulate the p53, Caspase-3, Cleaved-Caspase-3, Cleaved-PARP and Bax protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: Microwave hyperthermia combined with gemcitabine remarkably inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of humanlung squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. This effect may be associated with the activation of p53, cleavage of PARP protein, and induced the Caspase-3 dependent apoptosis.
The effects of microwave hyperthermia and gemcitabine on the proliferation of two lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. A, B: Effects of microwave hyperthermia at different temperatures and different times on the proliferation of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells; C, D: Effects of different concentrations of gemcitabine on the proliferation of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells; E: Diagrams of different sequential methods; F, G: Proliferation of the two cells in different sequential ways. Compared with the control group, *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001; compared with the gemcitabine group, #: P < 0.05, ##: P < 0.01, ###: P < 0.001.
The effect of microwave hyperthermia and gemcitabine to NCI-H2170 by Veleriote method (cell proliferation%)(Mean±SD, n=3)
NCI-H2170
Gem and MW
MW then Gem
Gem then MW
Gem
73.29±2.50
73.29±2.50
73.29±2.50
MW
78.67±3.58
78.67±3.58
78.67±3.58
MW combined with Gem
64.93±5.13
52.05±2.11
24.25±4.30
Predictive value
50.99±1.72
50.99±1.72
50.99±1.72
TYPE
Subadditive
Subadditive
Synergistic
微波热疗和吉西他滨对两株肺鳞癌细胞的增殖影响。A、B:不同温度微波热疗作用不同时间对肺鳞癌细胞增殖影响;C、D:不同浓度吉西他滨对肺鳞癌增殖影响;E:微波热疗与吉西他滨不同序贯方式示意图;F、G:不同序贯方式对细胞增殖的影响。与对照组相比,*:P < 0.05,**:P < 0.01,***:P < 0.001;与吉西他滨组相比,#:P < 0.05,##:P < 0.01,###:P < 0.001。The effects of microwave hyperthermia and gemcitabine on the proliferation of two lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. A, B: Effects of microwave hyperthermia at different temperatures and different times on the proliferation of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells; C, D: Effects of different concentrations of gemcitabine on the proliferation of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells; E: Diagrams of different sequential methods; F, G: Proliferation of the two cells in different sequential ways. Compared with the control group, *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001; compared with the gemcitabine group, #: P < 0.05, ##: P < 0.01, ###: P < 0.001.Veleriote法判断微波热疗与吉西他滨不同序贯方式联合对NCI-H1703细胞的影响(细胞增殖率%)(Mean±SD, n=3)The effect of microwave hyperthermia and gemcitabine to NCI-H1703 by Veleriote method (cell proliferation%)(Mean±SD, n=3)Veleriote法判断微波热疗与吉西他滨不同序贯方式联合对NCI-H2170细胞的影响(细胞增殖率%)(Mean±SD, n=3)The effect of microwave hyperthermia and gemcitabine to NCI-H2170 by Veleriote method (cell proliferation%)(Mean±SD, n=3)
Microwave hyperthermia in combination with gemcitabine inhibits the clonal formation of both cells. A: Pictures of clone formation; B: The number of statistical clones under the microscope. Compared with the control group, ***: P < 0.001; compared with the gemcitabine group, ###: P < 0.001.
微波热疗联合吉西他滨抑制两株肺鳞癌细胞的克隆形成。A:克隆形成图片;B:克隆数目统计柱状分析。与对照组相比,***:P < 0.001;与吉西他滨组相比,###:P < 0.001。Microwave hyperthermia in combination with gemcitabine inhibits the clonal formation of both cells. A: Pictures of clone formation; B: The number of statistical clones under the microscope. Compared with the control group, ***: P < 0.001; compared with the gemcitabine group, ###: P < 0.001.
Microwave hyperthermia in combination with gemcitabine induces Caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in lung squamous cell carcinoma. A: Annexin Ⅴ-FITC/PI double staining flow cytometry was used to detect the total apoptosis rate of the two cells; B: a, b, c, d respectively represent the total apoptosis rate of two cells, Caspase-3 activity results, Caspase-8 activity results and Caspase-3 inhibitor (AC-DEVD) on lung squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation. Compared with the control group, *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001; compared with the gemcitabine group, ###: P < 0.001.
倒置显微镜下观察肺鳞癌细胞株NCI-H1703(A)和NCI-H2170(B)处理后的形态学变化(200×)The morphological changes of lung squamous carcinoma cell lines NCI-H1703 (A) and NCI-H2170 (B) were observed under an inverted microscope (200×)微波热疗联合吉西他滨诱导肺鳞癌细胞发生Caspase-3依赖性细胞凋亡。A:Annexin Ⅴ-FITC/PI双染法流式细胞术检测两株细胞的总凋亡率;B:a、b、c、d分别代表两株细胞总凋亡率、Caspase-3活性检测结果、Caspase-8活性检测结果及Caspase-3抑制剂(AC-DEVD)对肺鳞癌细胞增殖影响。与对照组相比,*:P < 0.05,**:P < 0.01,***:P < 0.001;与吉西他滨组相比,###:P < 0.001。Microwave hyperthermia in combination with gemcitabine induces Caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in lung squamous cell carcinoma. A: Annexin Ⅴ-FITC/PI double staining flow cytometry was used to detect the total apoptosis rate of the two cells; B: a, b, c, d respectively represent the total apoptosis rate of two cells, Caspase-3 activity results, Caspase-8 activity results and Caspase-3 inhibitor (AC-DEVD) on lung squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation. Compared with the control group, *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001; compared with the gemcitabine group, ###: P < 0.001.
The effects of microwave hyperthermia in combination with gemcitabine on the expressions of p53, Caspase-3, Cleaved-Caspase-3, PARP, Cleaved-PARP, Bax and Bcl-2 in lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. A: Protein electrophoresis; B, C: Columnar analysis of different apoptotic proteins. Compared with the control group, *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001; compared with the gemcitabine group, #:P < 0.05, ##:P < 0.01, ###:P < 0.001.
微波热疗联合吉西他滨对肺鳞癌细胞中的p53、Caspase-3、Cleaved-Caspase-3、PARP、Cleaved-PARP、Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响。A:蛋白电泳图;B、C:不同凋亡蛋白表达的柱状分析图。与对照组相比,*:P < 0.05,**:P < 0.01,***:P < 0.001;与吉西他滨组相比,#:P < 0.05,##:P < 0.01,###:P < 0.001。The effects of microwave hyperthermia in combination with gemcitabine on the expressions of p53, Caspase-3, Cleaved-Caspase-3, PARP, Cleaved-PARP, Bax and Bcl-2 in lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. A: Protein electrophoresis; B, C: Columnar analysis of different apoptotic proteins. Compared with the control group, *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001; compared with the gemcitabine group, #:P < 0.05, ##:P < 0.01, ###:P < 0.001.
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