The impact of chronic environmental metal and benzene exposure on human urinary metabolome among Chinese children and the elderly population.

The health effects of metals and benzene exposure have been extensively investigated; however, information on the impact of chronic environmental metal and benzene exposure on human urinary metabolome is limited. In this study, a total of 566 participants, including 352 elderly and 214 children, were split into the "exposed" and "control" groups. The urine samples of all the participants were collected and stored at - 80 °C until analysis. The urinary levels of 17 metals and S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) were determined by the ICP-MS and LC-MS/MS methods to comprehensively assess the personal metal and benzene exposure levels, respectively. Then, the individual levels of metal and benzene exposure were correlated to the metabolic consequences of ambient pollutant exposure, which were previously observed in our metabolomics study. As a result, multiple metals, including Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn, exhibited a significant linear dose-dependent association with one or more urinary metabolites, including two amino acids (pyroglutamic acid and 3-methylhistidine), three organic acids (azelaic acid, decenedioic acid, and hydroxytetradecanedioic acid), ten medium-chainacylcarnitines (heptenedioylcarnitine, octenedioylcarnitine, nonenedioylcarnitine, decenedioylglucuronide, 3-hydroxydecanoylcarnitine, dodecanedioylcarnitine, nonanoylcarnitine, decadienylcarnitine, hydroxydodecenoylcarnitine, dodecadienylcarnitine, and dodecenoylcarnitine), and one glucuronide conjugate (decenedioylglucuronide). These observations indicate that the increased environmental metal exposure has caused various oxidative stress-related effects, including the depletion of antioxidants, accelerated muscle proteolysis, elevated activity of UGTs, increased lipid peroxidation, and the disorder of mitochondrial lipid metabolism among exposed children and the elderly. The current study provides new insights into the biological effects induced by metal exposure in the environment.