Aleksander Kempny1, Colm McCabe2, Konstantinos Dimopoulos2, Laura C Price2, Michael Wilde3, Rachel Limbrey4, Michael A Gatzoulis2, Stephen J Wort2. 1. Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK. Electronic address: kempny@gmail.com. 2. Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK. 3. Respiratory and Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill, UK. 4. Respiratory Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Improvements in availability and accuracy of diagnostic testing in pulmonary embolism (PE) in the last 20 years have more recently been paralleled by the introduction of additional anticoagulation agents and treatment strategies. These developments are likely to shape potentially important changes in PE incidence, associated mortality and treatment complications. METHODS: We investigated trends in PE incidence, PE-related mortality and bleeding risk by analysing Hospital Episodes Statistics for England. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 2015, 464,046 patients (53.9% female) were hospitalized with PE in England. The annual number of hospitalizations with an associated diagnosis of PE more than doubled over this period (24,366 in 1998 vs. 53,108 in 2014), with a corresponding increase in PE hospitalization rate (50.2 to 97.8 per 100,000 population/year), evident in all age categories. Mortality at 1 and 3 months decreased over the study period and was significantly associated with age, treatment era and comorbidities. The risk of bleeding resulting in hospitalization or death within 3 and 12 months after the index PE admission increased over the study period (4.3%/5.1% for 1998-2004 versus 6.1%/7.2% for 2010-2014, p < 0.001 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PE doubled in England between 1997 and 2015, likely attributable to raised awareness and ability to diagnose less severe cases. While PE-associated mortality decreased, there was an increase in bleeding risk. Renewed efforts directed at reducing the incidence of bleeding, including consideration of anticoagulation regimens and investigation of anticoagulation requirement in patients with low-risk features, are needed.
BACKGROUND: Improvements in availability and accuracy of diagnostic testing in pulmonary embolism (PE) in the last 20 years have more recently been paralleled by the introduction of additional anticoagulation agents and treatment strategies. These developments are likely to shape potentially important changes in PE incidence, associated mortality and treatment complications. METHODS: We investigated trends in PE incidence, PE-related mortality and bleeding risk by analysing Hospital Episodes Statistics for England. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 2015, 464,046 patients (53.9% female) were hospitalized with PE in England. The annual number of hospitalizations with an associated diagnosis of PE more than doubled over this period (24,366 in 1998 vs. 53,108 in 2014), with a corresponding increase in PE hospitalization rate (50.2 to 97.8 per 100,000 population/year), evident in all age categories. Mortality at 1 and 3 months decreased over the study period and was significantly associated with age, treatment era and comorbidities. The risk of bleeding resulting in hospitalization or death within 3 and 12 months after the index PE admission increased over the study period (4.3%/5.1% for 1998-2004 versus 6.1%/7.2% for 2010-2014, p < 0.001 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PE doubled in England between 1997 and 2015, likely attributable to raised awareness and ability to diagnose less severe cases. While PE-associated mortality decreased, there was an increase in bleeding risk. Renewed efforts directed at reducing the incidence of bleeding, including consideration of anticoagulation regimens and investigation of anticoagulation requirement in patients with low-risk features, are needed.
Authors: Fernando Javier Vázquez; Maria Florencia Grande-Ratti; Maria Elena Zapiola; Diego Giunta; Maria Lourdes Posadas-Martinez Journal: J Thromb Thrombolysis Date: 2021-04-26 Impact factor: 2.300
Authors: Frederick K Ho; Kenneth K C Man; Mark Toshner; Colin Church; Carlos Celis-Morales; Ian C K Wong; Colin Berry; Naveed Sattar; Jill P Pell Journal: Mayo Clin Proc Date: 2021-07-16 Impact factor: 7.616
Authors: Stefano Barco; Luca Valerio; Andrea Gallo; Giacomo Turatti; Seyed Hamidreza Mahmoudpour; Walter Ageno; Lana A Castellucci; Gabriela Cesarman-Maus; Henry Ddungu; Erich Vinicius De Paula; Mert Dumantepe; Samuel Z Goldhaber; Maria Cecilia Guillermo Esposito; Frederikus A Klok; Nils Kucher; Claire McLintock; Fionnuala Ní Áinle; Paolo Simioni; David Spirk; Alex C Spyropoulos; Tetsumei Urano; Zhen-Guo Zhai; Beverley J Hunt; Stavros V Konstantinides Journal: Res Pract Thromb Haemost Date: 2021-06-15