Common and Uncommon CTO Complications.

Despite the ongoing development of technical skills, increasing operator experience and improvements in medical devices, percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTO) are still the most challenging procedures in interventional cardiology for coronary artery disease. Due to the complexity of the procedures, there is an increased complication rate compared with PCIs for the treatment of non-occlusive disease. This may significantly increase procedural morbidity and potentially mortality. CTO-PCI related complications include all the usual complications that are seen in routine PCI in addition to unique issues such as inadvertent occlusion of donor vessels or injury of collateral channels causing haemodynamic instability or ischaemia. To minimise the morbidity associated with these procedures, it is important to be aware of potential complications and recognise them in a timely fashion. Should they arise, operators should be able to deal with them in a safe and efficient manner.