Hiroki Ito1,2, Takayuki Ueno3,2, Hirotaka Suga4, Tomohiro Shiraishi4, Hirotsugu Isaka2, Kentaro Imi2, Kaisuke Miyamoto2, Manami Tada2, Yoshiharu Ishizaka2, Shigeru Imoto5. 1. Department of Breast Surgery, Kaneko Clinic, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan. 2. Department of Breast Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan. 3. Breast Surgical Oncology, Breast Oncology Center, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan. 4. Department of Plastic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan. 5. Department of Breast Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan. imoto@ks.kyorin-u.ac.jp.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) are the standard techniques for achieving a cosmetic outcome, but necrosis of a cutaneous flap including the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) is a serious complication. To analyze the risk factors for skin flap necrosis, we retrospectively evaluated a clinical database of breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy followed by immediate breast reconstruction. METHODS: Four hundred and twelve cases were consecutively recorded between 2006 and 2016. Body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), distance from NAC to referent tumor, distance from overlying skin to the tumor and weight of breast resection (WBR) as measured in the operating theater were included in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: NSM, SSM and total mastectomy were performed in 123 (30%), 96 (23%) and 193 cases (47%), respectively. A tissue expander was used in 379 cases (92%), a silicone implant in 8 (2%) and autologous breast reconstruction in 25 (6%). Skin flap necrosis was found in 7% of all cases and NAC necrosis in 13% of NSM cases. In a univariate analysis, BW, NSM and WBR were risk factors for skin flap necrosis, and BW, BMI and WBR were risk factors for NAC necrosis. In a multivariate analysis, NSM and WBR remained significant risk factors for skin flap necrosis, and WBR was a significant risk factor for NAC necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: WBR is an important risk factor for skin flap necrosis. Especially, NAC necrosis should be considered for patients with large-volume breasts who undergo NSM and immediate breast reconstruction.
BACKGROUND: Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) are the standard techniques for achieving a cosmetic outcome, but necrosis of a cutaneous flap including the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) is a serious complication. To analyze the risk factors for skin flap necrosis, we retrospectively evaluated a clinical database of breast cancerpatients treated with mastectomy followed by immediate breast reconstruction. METHODS: Four hundred and twelve cases were consecutively recorded between 2006 and 2016. Body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), distance from NAC to referent tumor, distance from overlying skin to the tumor and weight of breast resection (WBR) as measured in the operating theater were included in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: NSM, SSM and total mastectomy were performed in 123 (30%), 96 (23%) and 193 cases (47%), respectively. A tissue expander was used in 379 cases (92%), a silicone implant in 8 (2%) and autologous breast reconstruction in 25 (6%). Skin flap necrosis was found in 7% of all cases and NACnecrosis in 13% of NSM cases. In a univariate analysis, BW, NSM and WBR were risk factors for skin flap necrosis, and BW, BMI and WBR were risk factors for NACnecrosis. In a multivariate analysis, NSM and WBR remained significant risk factors for skin flap necrosis, and WBR was a significant risk factor for NACnecrosis. CONCLUSIONS: WBR is an important risk factor for skin flap necrosis. Especially, NACnecrosis should be considered for patients with large-volume breasts who undergo NSM and immediate breast reconstruction.
Authors: Caroline K Fiser; Joshua P Kronenfeld; Sophia N Liu; Neha Goel; Wrood Kassira; John C Oeltjen; Susan B Kesmodel Journal: Clin Breast Cancer Date: 2021-08-05 Impact factor: 3.225