Tissue Engineering and 3-Dimensional Modeling for Facial Reconstruction.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has transformed craniofacial reconstruction over the last 2 decades. For cutaneous oncologic surgeons, several 3D printed technologies are available to assist with craniofacial bony reconstruction and preliminary soft tissue reconstructive efforts. With improved accessibility and simplified design software, 3D printing has opened the door for new techniques in anaplastology. Tissue engineering has more recently emerged as a promising concept for complex auricular and nasal reconstruction. Combined with 3D printing, several groups have demonstrated promising preclinical results with cartilage growth. This article highlights the applications and current state of 3D printing and tissue engineering in craniofacial reconstruction.