Pharmacogenetic considerations of anticoagulant medication.

Predicting the clinical consequences of anticoagulant therapy by identifying gene variants could help in the risk assessment of thrombosis or bleeding before and after surgery and may result in choosing more beneficial therapy. This work provides an overview of pharmacogenetic data of commonly used anticoagulant medication. The review focuses on polymorphisms influencing the efficacy and safety of the parenteral and oral anticoagulants. There is evidence that heparin resistance and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia could be genetically determined but it does not mean that the risk of bleeding or thromboembolism is related to mutations in general. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms are essential determinants in the genotype-guided dosing of warfarin and may distinguish patients who would benefit from switching to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Further multi-ethnic studies associating genes of enzymes metabolizing DOACs with primary clinical endpoints are necessary. Pharmacogenetics-based dosing of anticoagulant medication should point towards the subpopulation of patients.