Hsuan-Kan Chang 1,2 , Ju-Wei Hsu 3,4 , Jau-Ching Wu 1,2,5 , Kai-Lin Huang 3,4 , Huang-Chou Chang 6 , Ya-Mei Bai 3,4 , Tzeng-Ji Chen 7,8 , Mu-Hong Chen 9,3,4 Show Affiliations »
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Early childhood (< 3 years of age) is a critical period for neurodevelopment. This study investigated the correlation between early childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subsequent risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and developmental delay (DD) by analyzing a national-scale cohort. METHODS: Data from the National Health Insurance Research Database, which comprises health care information from > 99% of the Taiwanese population, were analyzed. Children with TBI in their early childhood were enrolled from 1998-2008, and the incidence of subsequent ADHD, ASD, or DD (according to ICD-9 criteria) was assessed and compared with controls without TBI. Patients' age, number of TBI events, and TBI severity were investigated for the risk of ADHD, ASD, or DD. RESULTS: A total of 7,801 and 31,204 children were enrolled in the TBI and control cohorts, respectively. The TBI cohort exhibited a higher incidence of subsequent ADHD, ASD, or DD than the controls (all P < .001). Diagnoses of ADHD, ASD, or DD in the TBI cohort were made at a younger age compared with the controls. Cox regression demonstrated the highest hazard ratios (HRs) of ADHD, ASD, or DD with repeated TBI events, severe TBI, and TBI events before 1 year of age, with the exception that the HR of ASD did not significantly increase after repeated TBI (P = .335). In addition, cumulative HRs (> 10 years) of ADHD, ASD, or DD were increased after TBI (all P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study suggest that the incidence of ADHD, ASD, and DD significantly increased after TBI events in early childhood (< 3 years of age). The risk factors include severe TBI, repeated TBI events, and TBI at a younger age. The long-term follow-up demonstrated an increased cumulative risk of ADHD, ASD, and DD after TBI. © Copyright 2018 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
OBJECTIVE: Early childhood (< 3 years of age) is a critical period for neurodevelopment. This study investigated the correlation between early childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subsequent risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD ), autism spectrum disorder (ASD ), and developmental delay (DD) by analyzing a national-scale cohort. METHODS: Data from the National Health Insurance Research Database, which comprises health care information from > 99% of the Taiwanese population, were analyzed. Children with TBI in their early childhood were enrolled from 1998-2008, and the incidence of subsequent ADHD , ASD , or DD (according to ICD-9 criteria) was assessed and compared with controls without TBI. Patients ' age, number of TBI events, and TBI severity were investigated for the risk of ADHD , ASD , or DD. RESULTS: A total of 7,801 and 31,204 children were enrolled in the TBI and control cohorts, respectively. The TBI cohort exhibited a higher incidence of subsequent ADHD , ASD , or DD than the controls (all P < .001). Diagnoses of ADHD , ASD , or DD in the TBI cohort were made at a younger age compared with the controls. Cox regression demonstrated the highest hazard ratios (HRs) of ADHD , ASD , or DD with repeated TBI events, severe TBI, and TBI events before 1 year of age, with the exception that the HR of ASD did not significantly increase after repeated TBI (P = .335). In addition, cumulative HRs (> 10 years) of ADHD , ASD , or DD were increased after TBI (all P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study suggest that the incidence of ADHD , ASD , and DD significantly increased after TBI events in early childhood (< 3 years of age). The risk factors include severe TBI, repeated TBI events, and TBI at a younger age. The long-term follow-up demonstrated an increased cumulative risk of ADHD , ASD , and DD after TBI. © Copyright 2018 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
Entities: Disease
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Year: 2018
PMID： 30403445 DOI： 10.4088/JCP.17m11857
Source DB: PubMed Journal: J Clin Psychiatry ISSN： 0160-6689 Impact factor: 4.384