Magnetic resonance imaging of muscle injury in elite American football players: Predictors for return to play and performance.

Muscle injury accounts for about one-third of total sports-related injuries. The lower limb muscles have one of the highest predisposition for injury in high-level professional athletic sports, such as the National Football League. The commonest group of muscles injured among football players include the hamstrings, followed by the quadriceps. Muscle injuries lead to significant time, off the field and affect return to play. Sports physicians and teams have been keen on assessing such injuries and also relying on multiple tools to safely return the player back to the field. MRI plays a key role in evaluation, follow-up, and assessment for return to play (RTP). In this review, we will discuss details of muscle anatomy, incidence of muscle injuries, injury mechanisms, and use of MRI in assessment, grading, follow-up and in predicting the natural course of muscle injuries in the high-end athletic players. While the use of MRI is clear in diagnosis, and for follow up of muscle injuries, there is some limitation in its ability to predict RTP, based on current MRI classification systems. Footballers who have clinical injuries without MRI evidence of significant muscle injury (grade 0 and 1) have a shorter period of RTP. Injuries classified as high grade (3 and 4) on MRI do not correlate well with time to RTP. Further trials are required to improve the capability of MRI in its prediction of RTP. Published by Elsevier B.V.