Nicole G Nahmod1, Soomi Lee2, Lindsay Master1, Anne-Marie Chang1, Lauren Hale3, Orfeu M Buxton1,4,5,6. 1. Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 2. School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL. 3. Program in Public Health; Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY. 4. Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 5. Sleep Health Institute, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. 6. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
Abstract
Study Objectives: High school start times (SSTs) directly impact adolescents' sleep timing and duration. This study investigated the associations between SSTs and actigraphically-measured 24-hour sleep duration, sleep onset, sleep offset and sleep quality. Methods: This study included 383 adolescents (Mage = 15.5, SDage = 0.6 years) participating in the age 15 wave of the Fragile Families & Child Wellbeing Study, a national birth cohort study sampling from 20 large US cities. Multilevel models used daily observations (N = 1116 school days, Mdays = 2.9, SDdays = 1.4 per adolescent) of sleep and SSTs from concordant daily diary and actigraphy. Results: A diverse range of SSTs were included in our analyses (MSST = 08:08, SDSST = 39 minutes, RangeSST = 06:00-11:05), and are presented in the following categories for ease of interpretation: before 07:30, 07:30-07:59, 08:00-08:29, and 08:30 or later. Adolescents starting school at 08:30 or later exhibited significantly longer actigraphically-assessed 24-hour sleep duration (by 21-34 minutes, p < .05) and later sleep offset (by 32-64 minutes, p < .001) when compared with the adolescents grouped by earlier SSTs. SSTs were also analyzed continuously for comparison with existing literature, and results indicated that every 1-hour delay in SST was significantly associated with 21 minutes longer 24-hour sleep duration (p < .001), 16 minutes later sleep onset (p < .01), and 39 minutes later sleep offset (p < .001). All models controlled for covariates including socioeconomic status. Conclusion: These findings support pediatric and public health expert recommendations for SSTs after 08:30. In our diverse national urban sample, adolescents with SSTs at 08:30 or later, compared with adolescents with earlier SSTs, had significantly longer actigraphy-measured sleep.
Study Objectives: High school start times (SSTs) directly impact adolescents' sleep timing and duration. This study investigated the associations between SSTs and actigraphically-measured 24-hour sleep duration, sleep onset, sleep offset and sleep quality. Methods: This study included 383 adolescents (Mage = 15.5, SDage = 0.6 years) participating in the age 15 wave of the Fragile Families & Child Wellbeing Study, a national birth cohort study sampling from 20 large US cities. Multilevel models used daily observations (N = 1116 school days, Mdays = 2.9, SDdays = 1.4 per adolescent) of sleep and SSTs from concordant daily diary and actigraphy. Results: A diverse range of SSTs were included in our analyses (MSST = 08:08, SDSST = 39 minutes, RangeSST = 06:00-11:05), and are presented in the following categories for ease of interpretation: before 07:30, 07:30-07:59, 08:00-08:29, and 08:30 or later. Adolescents starting school at 08:30 or later exhibited significantly longer actigraphically-assessed 24-hour sleep duration (by 21-34 minutes, p < .05) and later sleep offset (by 32-64 minutes, p < .001) when compared with the adolescents grouped by earlier SSTs. SSTs were also analyzed continuously for comparison with existing literature, and results indicated that every 1-hour delay in SST was significantly associated with 21 minutes longer 24-hour sleep duration (p < .001), 16 minutes later sleep onset (p < .01), and 39 minutes later sleep offset (p < .001). All models controlled for covariates including socioeconomic status. Conclusion: These findings support pediatric and public health expert recommendations for SSTs after 08:30. In our diverse national urban sample, adolescents with SSTs at 08:30 or later, compared with adolescents with earlier SSTs, had significantly longer actigraphy-measured sleep.
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