Prevalence and Mechanisms of Carbapenem Resistance Among Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates in Egypt.

The increasing number of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates is a major concern, which restricts therapeutic options for treatment of serious infections caused by this emerging pathogen. The aim of this work is to assess the antimicrobial resistance profile and identify the molecular mechanisms involved in carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii isolated from different clinical sources in Mansoura University Hospitals, Egypt. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing has shown that resistance to carbapenem has dramatically increased (98%) with concomitant elevated levels of resistance to quinolones, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and aminoglycosides. Polymyxin B and colistin are considered the last resort. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing method revealed great diversity among A. baumannii isolates. Coexistence of diverse intrinsic and acquired carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamases has been detected in the tested isolates: Ambler class A: blaKPC (56%) and blaGES (48%), and Ambler class B: blaNDM (30%), blaSIM (28%), blaVIM (20%), and blaIMP (10%). Most isolates (94%) carried blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-51-like simultaneously. blaOXA-23-like was preceded by ISAba1 providing a potent promoter activity for its expression. Sequencing analysis revealed that ISAba1 has been also inserted in carbapenem resistance-associated outer membrane protein (OMP) (carO) gene in three isolates, two of which were clonal based on RAPD typing, leading to interruption of its expression as confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis of OMP fractions. Carbapenem resistance genes are widely distributed among A. baumannii clinical isolates from different clinical sources. Therefore, enhanced infection control measures, effective barriers, and rational use of antimicrobials should be enforced in hospitals for minimizing the widespread resistance to carbapenems and all other antibiotics.