Fabian Munoz1,2,3, Christian Aurup4, Elisa E Konofagou4,5, Vincent P Ferrera1,2,3,6. 1. Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA. 2. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA. 3. Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA. 4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA. 5. Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA. 6. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The past decade has seen rapid growth in the application of focused ultrasound (FUS) as a tool for basic neuroscience research and potential treatment of brain disorders. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of how FUS can alter brain activity, perception and behavior when applied to the central nervous system, either alone or in combination with circulating agents. RECENT FINDINGS: Focused ultrasound in the central nervous system can directly excite or inhibit neuronal activity, as well as affect perception and behavior. Combining FUS with intravenous microbubbles to open the blood-brain barrier also affects neural activity and behavior, and the effects may be more sustained than FUS alone. Opening the BBB also allows delivery of drugs that do not cross the intact BBB including viral vectors for gene delivery. SUMMARY: While further research is needed to elucidate the biophysical mechanisms, focused ultrasound, alone or in combination with other factors, is rapidly maturing as an effective technology for altering brain activity. Future challenges include refining control over targeting specificity, the volume of affected tissue, cell-type specificity (excitatory or inhibitory), and the duration of neural and behavioral effects.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The past decade has seen rapid growth in the application of focused ultrasound (FUS) as a tool for basic neuroscience research and potential treatment of brain disorders. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of how FUS can alter brain activity, perception and behavior when applied to the central nervous system, either alone or in combination with circulating agents. RECENT FINDINGS: Focused ultrasound in the central nervous system can directly excite or inhibit neuronal activity, as well as affect perception and behavior. Combining FUS with intravenous microbubbles to open the blood-brain barrier also affects neural activity and behavior, and the effects may be more sustained than FUS alone. Opening the BBB also allows delivery of drugs that do not cross the intact BBB including viral vectors for gene delivery. SUMMARY: While further research is needed to elucidate the biophysical mechanisms, focused ultrasound, alone or in combination with other factors, is rapidly maturing as an effective technology for altering brain activity. Future challenges include refining control over targeting specificity, the volume of affected tissue, cell-type specificity (excitatory or inhibitory), and the duration of neural and behavioral effects.
Entities:
Keywords:
blood-brain barrier permeability; brain stimulation; cognition; drug delivery; microbubble
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