miR‑371b‑5p inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis in monocrotaline‑induced pulmonary arterial hypertension via PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a clinical hemodynamic syndrome. It is characterized by elevated PA pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. In the present study, the role of microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑371b‑5p in monocrotaline‑induced PAH and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. In a monocrotaline‑induced PAH rat model, gene chip and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction were employed to measure miRNA expression levels. The results revealed that miR‑371b‑5p was downregulated in PAH rats compared with the control group. In addition, in vitro results demonstrated that an miR‑371b‑5p inhibitor reduced miR‑371b‑5p expression levels, increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) in rats with monocrotaline‑induced PAH. Furthermore, inhibition of miR‑371b‑5p induced phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein expression and suppressed that of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated (p)‑Akt in the PAECs. In addition, VO‑OHpic, a PTEN inhibitor, reduced the protein expression levels of PTEN in the PAECs and inhibited the effects of anti‑miR‑371b‑5p on cell apoptosis. In addition, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, reduced the PI3K and p‑Akt protein expression in the PAECs and reversed the effects of miR‑371b‑5p overexpression on the apoptosis of PAECs in rats with monocrotaline‑induced PAH. Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that, in this animal model of PAH, miR‑371b‑5p inhibits apoptosis of PAECs via PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

Introduction

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a clinical hemodynamic syndrome. It is characterized by elevated pulmonary artery (PA) pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance (1). This may lead to right cardiac failure and mortality (1). A mean PA pressure ≥25 mmHg under rest state and ≥30 mmHg under motion state are the diagnostic criteria of PAH. PAH is associated with high morbidity (2). According to epidemiological data in the USA, the mortality rate of all types of PAH is >30-50/1 million. At present, treatment for PAH is limited. Thus, it is associated with high mortality and markedly poor prognosis (2). In addition, other heart diseases may be associated with PAH at moderate and advanced stages of the condition. This leads to notably poor prognosis, and high morbidity, disability rate and mortality (1). Medically developed countries have made notable advances in fields of PAH basic research, diagnostic technology and treatment (3); however, these fields in China have not been extensively studied, thus domestic developments are difficult to conduct in such fields (3).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are a class of endogenous noncoding small RNA molecules ~21 nucleotides in length (4), which bind with the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA. Thus, they affect the stability of mRNA or inhibit protein translation. As a result, miRNAs negatively regulate target gene expression at the post-transcriptional level (4). It is estimated that miRNAs participate in the regulation of >30% of established human genes and regulate almost all pathophysiological processes of the body (4). Alterations in miRNA expression under hypoxic conditions have been reported to participate in PAH formation (5). In addition, miRNAs have been demonstrated to regulate the proliferation, apoptosis and migration of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells (5).

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was the first tumor suppressor gene with dual-phosphatase activity and was identified in research into primary breast cancer in 1997 (6). PTEN is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes of the body (6) and is extensively distributed in normal tissue. In addition, it promotes cell apoptosis and reduces cell proliferation under normal physiological conditions (7). PTEN also has important effects on tumor cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration under pathological states (8). It has been reported that PTEN protein phosphorylation may improve the stability of PTEN (7). Furthermore, the PTEN phosphatase catalysis region can be inhibited rendering loss of its activity (8). PTEN and phosphorylated (p)-PTEN exhibit opposing effects in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis (6).

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-mediated NO production has been detected in coronary artery, aorta, mesentery, kidney and iliac artery endothelial cells (9). Increasing evidence indicates that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in vasoconstriction and remodeling (10), and this signaling pathway is an important target of vasofunctional drugs (10). A vascular ring model in vitro revealed that a vasoactive intestinal peptide relaxed the mouse pulmonary arterial ring, which may occur through the activation of the pulmonary vascular endothelial cell PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (11). Additionally, another study reported that estrogen may activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In this manner, PI3K/Akt can regulate the bioactivity of pulmonary vascular system (11). These studies have indicated that regulating the PI3K/Akt-eNOS signaling pathway is of great importance in the treatment of PAH (9,11). In the present study, the function of miR-371b-5p in monocrotaline-induced PAH and the underlying mechanisms were investigated.

Materials and methods

Animals and PAH rat model

A total of 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats (200–230 g, 6–8 weeks, n=12) were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) for all treatments and housed at 22–23°C, 55–60% humidity, 12-h light/dark cycle and freely available food and water. All animal care and experimental procedures were performed with the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Capital Medical University (Beijing China). The present study was approved by the ethics committee of Beijing Anzhen Hospital (Beijing, China). All rats were randomly distributed into two groups: Control (n=6) and PAH model groups (n=6). In the PAH model group, rats were induced with 60 mg/kg/three days monocrotaline (intraperitoneal injection; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and exposed to normobaric hypoxia conditions (10% pO2) with an automatic oxygen controller (ProOx Model 110; Biospherix, Ltd., Parish, NY, USA) for 21 days. The control mice were treated with normal saline for 21 days.

Histological findings of PAH

After 21 days of induction, mice were anesthetized using 35 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium and sacrificed by decollation. Lung tissues (n=3/every group) were washed with PBS and fixed with 10% buffered formalin for 24 h at room temperature. Subsequently, lung tissues were embedded in paraffin and cut into 4-µm sections. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for 5 min at room temperature.

Cell culture and transfection

PA tissue samples of PAH rats (n=3) were incubated in Hanks' solution containing collagenase (1.5 mg/ml; Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) for 30 min at 4°C. Adventitia was carefully stripped off with a fine forcep and the endothelium was removed. The remaining smooth muscle was digested with collagenase and elastase for 50 min at 37°C. The pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) were collected and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 50 units/ml penicillin, and 50 µg/ml streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator. Following culture to 70–80% confluence, cells were transfected with 100 ng miR-371b-5p (5′-aagugcccccacaguuugagugc-3′), 100 ng anti-miR-371b-5p (5′-ggtaacactcaaaagatggc-3′) or 100 ng negative control (NC) miRNA (used for both anti-NC/miR-NC; 5′-CCCCCCCCCCCCC-3′) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). These mimics were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). A total of 20 nM of VO-OHpic (MedChemExpress USA, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA), a PTEN inhibitor was added into cell after transfection for 4 h and incubated for 48 h.

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and gene microarray hybridization

Total miRNA was extracted from lung tissue samples or transfected PAECs with a NucleoSpin miRNA isolation kit (Takara Bio, Inc., Otsu, Japan). Total RNA (200 ng) was reverse transcribed to cDNA using an PrimeScript™ RT reagent kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) at 37°C for 15 min and at 85°C for 5 sec. qPCR was performed with amiScript SYBR® Green PCR kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) using a Rotor Gene 6000 Real-Time PCR Machine (Qiagen GmbH). Sequence of miR-371b-5p forward: 5′-gtggcactcaaactgt-3′ and reverse: 5′-catcttttgagtgttac-3′; U6 forward: 5′-CAAATTCGTGAAGCGTT-3′; reverse: 5′-TGGTGTCGTGGAGTCG-3. RT-qPCR were amplified by PCR in the following conditions: Pre-denaturation for 15 min at 94°C; 40 cycles of 30 sec at 94°C, 40 sec at 55°C, 1 min at 72°C and extension for 5 min at 72°C. Gene expression was analyzed using 2−ΔΔCq method (12).

For microarray hybridization, total RNA obtained from the PAH model and control rat lung tissues (500 ng) was employed and labeled with cyanine-3-cytidine triphosphate (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) at 60°C for 30 min, and subsequently hybridized to the Agilent Mouse miRNA microarray (KG4471A-021828 platform) on the Axon GenePix® 4000B microarray scanner (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). Images were quantified and feature-extracted using Agilent Feature Extraction software version 10.7.3.1 (Agilent Technologies, Inc.).

MTT assay

Following PAEC transfection for 24, 48 and 72 h, 15 µl MTT (5 mg/ml; Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) was added to PA cells (1×103 cell/well) for 4 h with 5% CO2 at 37°C. Old medium was removed and 150 µl dimethyl sulfoxide was added to cells for 20 min at 37°C. A microplate reader (SpectraMax M5; Molecular Devices, LLC, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was employed and absorbance was measured at 490 nm.

Flow cytometry for apoptosis

Following PAEC transfection for 48 h, cells were washed with 1 ml/well PBS for three times and resuspended with buffer (cat. no. 556420; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). Cells (1×106 cell/well) were subsequently stained with 10 µl annexinV-fluorescein isothiocyanate (20 µg/ml) and 5 µl propidium iodide (50 µg/ml) staining solution (cat. no. 556420; BD Biosciences) for 15 min in darkness at room temperature. The rate of apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry (c6; BD Biosciences) and using Flowjo 7.6.1 (FlowJo, LLC, Ashland, OR, USA).

Commercial enzyme activity kits

LDH activity levels were measured using LDH activity kits (cat. no. C0017; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). A microplate reader (SpectraMax M5; Molecular Devices, LLC, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was employed and absorbance was measured at 490 nm. Caspase-3/9 activity was measured using Caspase-3/9 activity kits (cat. nos. C1115 and C1157; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). A microplate reader (SpectraMax M5; Molecular Devices, LLC, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was employed and absorbance was measured at 405 nm.

miR-371b-5p target reporter assay

In the present study, a dual-luciferase miR-371b-5p target reporter vector was generated, which consisted of a double-stranded oligonucleotide containing the 3′UTR of PTEN using http://www.targetscan.org. The PTEN 3′UTR was cloned into Pmel and XbaI sites in pmirGLO Dual-Luciferase miRNA Target Expression vectors (Promega Corporation). Sequence of miR-371b-5p forward: 5′-cagacatgacagccatcatcaaa-3′ and 5′-aagagggataaaacacca-3′; PTEN plasmid (5′-TCCTGGAGCGGGGGGGAGAA-3′ and 5′-GTATATAATAAGTATAATAT-3′). A total of 100 ng of PTEN plasmid and 100 ng of miR-371b-5p mimics were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Following PAEC transfection (1×105 cell/ml) for 48 h, the luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay system (Promega Corporation) and the firefly luciferase construct was normalized to Renilla luciferase.

Western blot analysis

Following PAEC transfection for 48 h, cells were collected and washed with PBS three times. Cell protein was extracted using radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and total protein was quantified via a bicinchoninic acid protein kit (BCA; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Total protein (30–80 µg) was separated by 6–12% SDS-PAGE and was transferred onto polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF) membranes. The PVDF membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk in TBST for 1 h at 37°C and incubated overnight with antibodies against eNOS (cat. no. sc-49055; 1:500; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), AP-1 (cat. no. ab21981; 1:1,000; Abcam) and KLF-2 (cat. no. ab203591; 1:1,000; Abcam), PTEN (cat. no. sc-9145; 1:1,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), PI3K (cat. no. sc-7174; 1:1,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), phosphorylated (p)-Akt (cat. no. sc-7985-R; 1:500; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and GAPDH (cat. no. sc-25778; 1:5,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) at 4°C. The PVDF membranes were washed with TBST three times and incubated with goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (cat. no. sc-2004; 1:5,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) for 1 h at 37°C. Protein bands were visualized via by BeyoECL Plus (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and analyzed using sodium Image Lab 3.0 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).

Immunofluorescence analysis

Following PAEC transfection for 48 h, cells (1×105 cell/well) were washed with PBS twice and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature. Cells were subsequently incubated with Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 15 min at room temperature, blocked with 5% BSA in PBS for 1 h at 37°C and further incubated with PTEN (cat. no. sc-9145; 1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) antibody at 4°C overnight. Cells were visualized with donkey anti-rabbit IgG-CFL 555 (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-362271; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) for 1 h at room temperature. Cells were subsequently stained with DAPI for 30 min at room temperature and observed using ×200 magnification (T300 confocal microscope, Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were analyzed using a Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance by Tukey's post hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Expression of miR-371b-5p in monocrotaline-induced PAH rats

H&E staining revealed that lung tissue was damaged and PAEC apoptosis was observed in monocrotaline-induced PAH rats, compared with the control group (Fig. 1A). The results of microarray analysis demonstrated that miR-371b-5p expression levels were downregulated in monocrotaline-induced PAH rats compared with in the control group (Fig. 1B). Subsequently, RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that miR-371b-5p was significantly downregulated in the monocrotaline-induced lung tissue of PAH group compared with in the control group (Fig. 1C). These results indicate that miR-371b-5p may be involved in monocrotaline-induced PAH, and the underlying mechanisms require investigation.

Figure 1.

Expression of miR-371b-5p in the lung tissues of monocrotaline-induced PAH rat models. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin staining for lung tissues (magnification, ×100). (B) Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in the lung tissues from PAH model and control rats. (C) Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of miR-371b-5p expression in the lung tissues from PAH model and control rats. ##P<0.01 vs. control group. miR, microRNA; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; S, sample.

Downregulation of miR-371b-5p increases PAEC death from rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH

In the in vitro study, RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that the expression levels of miR-371b-5p were significantly reduced in an in vitro model of PAH following cell transfection with anti-miR-371b-5p, compared with the NC group (Fig. 2A). In addition, the results revealed that the suppression of miR-371b-5p expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and induced cell apoptosis in the anti-miR-371b-5p group, compared with the NC group (Fig. 2B-E). Caspase-3/9 activities were also significantly promoted by the inhibition of miR-371b-5p expression in the anti-miR-371b-5p group, compared with the NC group (Fig. 2F and G).

Figure 2.

Downregulation of miR-371b-5p increases pulmonary arterial endothelial cell death from rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. (A) miR-371b-5p expression was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (B) Cell proliferation was measured by an MTT assay. (C) LDH activity was measured in cells transfected with anti-miR-371b-5p or anti-NC. (D) Cell apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry following annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining (E) Q4-UR and Q4-LR indicate apoptotic cells). Representative flow cytometry plots following staining for apoptosis. The activity of (F) caspase-3 and (G) caspase-9 was also measured in cells transfected with anti-miR-371b-5p or anti-NC. ##P<0.01 vs. anti-NC group. miR/miRNA, microRNA; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NC, negative control; anti-371b-5p, anti-miR-371b-5p; OD, optical density.

Upregulation of miR-371b-5p decreases PAEC proliferation from rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH

The expression of miR-371b-5p was induced in the in vitro study using miR-371b-5p mimics to analyze the function of miR-371b-5p in PAECs. As presented in Fig. 3A, there was a significant increase in miR-371b-5p expression in cells transfected with miR-371b-5p mimics compared with the NC group. Furthermore, upregulation of miR-371b-5p significantly promoted cell proliferation, and inhibited LDH activity and PAEC apoptosis compared with the NC group (Fig. 3B-E). In addition, the upregulation of miR-371b-5p inhibited caspase-3/9 activity in the miR-371b-5p group compared with the NC group (Fig. 3F and G).

Figure 3.

Upregulation of miR-371b-5p decreases pulmonary arterial endothelial cell death from rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. (A) miR-371b-5p expression was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (B) Cell proliferation was measured by an MTT assay. (C) LDH activity was measured in cells transfected with miR-371b-5p or miR-NC. (D) Cell apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry following annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining (E) Q4-UR and Q4-LR indicate apoptotic cells). Representative flow cytometry plots following staining for apoptosis. The activity of (F) caspase-3 and (G) caspase-9 was also measured in cells transfected with miR-371b-5p or miR-NC. ##P<0.01 vs. miR-NC group. miR/miRNA, microRNA; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NC, negative control; OD, optical density.

Effects of miR-371b-5p on the PAECs may occur via PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in vitro

To investigate the mechanism by which miR-371b-5p functions in PAH, alterations in PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were analyzed in PAECs following miR-371b-5p transfection. The predicted binding site of miR-371b-5p in the 3′UTR of PTEN is presented in Fig. 4A. Then, luciferase activity levels were increased by downregulation of miR-371b-5p, compared with the control group (Fig. 4B). In addition, immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that the upregulation of miR-371b-5p induced PTEN protein expression in the anti-miR-371b-5p group, compared with the NC group (Fig 4C).

Figure 4.

Effects of anti-miR-371b-5p on PTEN signaling in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells from rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. (A) Predicted miR-371b-5p target site in the 3′ untranslated region of PTEN. (B) Luciferase activity, (C) PTEN protein expression was detected by immunofluorescence staining (magnification, ×100). ##P<0.01 vs. control group. miR, microRNA; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; NC, negative control.

Furthermore, as presented in Fig. 5A-D, western blot analysis demonstrated that the downregulation of miR-371b-5p significantly induced PTEN protein expression levels and significantly suppressed the protein expression levels of PI3K and p-Akt in the anti-miR-371b-5p group, compared with the NC group. However, upregulation of miR-371b-5p significantly suppressed PTEN protein expression and significantly induced the expression of PI3K and p-Akt protein in the anti-miR-371b-5p group, compared with the NC group (Fig. 5E-H). These results indicated that miR-371b-5p/PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways may be associated with PAH.

Figure 5.

Effects of miR-371b-5p on PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells from rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. (A) Representative western blot bands for the protein expression of PTEN, PI3K and p-Akt following transfection of cells with anti-miR-371b-5p or anti-NC. Densitometric analysis was performed to quantify and statistically analyze the protein expression of (B) PTEN, (C) PI3K and (D) p-Akt. (E) Representative western blot bands for the protein expression of PTEN, PI3K and p-Akt following transfection of cells with miR-371b-5p or miR-NC. Densitometric analysis was performed to quantify and statistically analyze the protein expression of (F) PTEN, (G) PI3K and (H) p-Akt. ##P<0.01 vs. anti-NC or miR-NC group. miR, microRNA; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; p-, phosphorylated-; NC, negative control; anti-371b-5p, anti-miR-371b-5p.

Inhibition of PTEN reduces the effects of anti-miR-371b-5p on PAEC death in vitro

To further confirm the function of PTEN in the effects of anti-miR-371b-5p on PAEC death, a PTEN inhibitor was employed to reduce PTEN expression following anti-miR-371b-5p transfection. As demonstrated in Fig. 6A and B, PTEN inhibitor significantly reduced PTEN expression in PAECs with PTEN inhibitor treatment following anti-miR-371b-5p transfection, compared with the anti-miR-371b-5p-transfected group without PTEN inhibitor treatment. Additionally, the inhibition of PTEN significantly increased the protein expression levels of PI3K and p-Akt in PAECs following anti-miR-371b-5p transfection, compared with the anti-miR-371b-5p-transfected group without PTEN inhibitor treatment (Fig. 6A, C and D). Furthermore, the inhibition of PTEN significantly promoted cell proliferation, and inhibited LDH activity and apoptosis of PAECs following anti-miR-371b-5p-transfection, compared with the anti-miR-371b-5p-transfected group without PTEN inhibitor treatment (Fig. 6E-H). The effect of the PTEN inhibitor on apoptosis in anti-miR-371b-5p-transfected cells was confirmed by the results of the caspase-3/9 activities, which were reduced compared with the anti-miR-371b-5p-transfected group without PTEN inhibitor treatment (Fig. 6I and J).

Figure 6.

Inhibition of PTEN reduces the effects of anti-miR-371b-5p on lung cell death in an in vitro model of pulmonary artery hypertension. (A) Representative western blot bands for the protein expression of PTEN, PI3K and p-Akt following transfection of cells with anti-miR-371b-5p, with or without PTEN inhibitor treatment, or anti-NC. Densitometric analysis was performed to quantify and statistically analyze the protein expression of (B) PTEN, (C) PI3K and (D) p-Akt. (E) Cell proliferation was measured by an MTT assay. (F) LDH activity was measured in cells transfected with anti-miR-371b-5p, with or without PTEN inhibitor treatment, or anti-NC. (G) Cell apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry following annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining (H) Q4-UR and Q4-LR indicate apoptotic cells). Representative flow cytometry plots following staining for apoptosis. The activity of (I) caspase-3 and (J) caspase-9 was also measured in cells transfected with anti-miR-371b-5p, with or without PTEN inhibitor treatment, or anti-NC. ##P<0.01 vs. anti-NC group; **P<0.01 vs. anti-371b-5p group. PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; miR, microRNA; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; p-, phosphorylated; NC, negative control; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; anti-371b-5p, anti-miR-371b-5p; PTEN I, PTEN inhibitor; OD, optical density.

Inhibition of PI3K increases the effects of miR-371b-5p on PAEC death in vitro

The role of PI3K/Akt signaling in the effects of miR-371b-5p on PAEC death was investigated in the present study. As presented in Fig. 7A-C, treatment with a PI3K inhibitor significantly suppressed p-Akt and PI3K protein expression levels in PAECs following miR-371b-5p transfection, compared with miR-371b-5p-transfected cells without PI3K inhibitor treatment. In addition, the inhibition of PI3K reduced cell proliferation, and induced LDH activity and apoptosis of PAECs following miR-371b-5p transfection, compared with miR-371b-5p-transfected group without PI3K inhibitor treatment (Fig. 7D-G). The effect of the PI3K inhibitor on apoptosis in miR-371b-5p-transfected cells was confirmed by the results of the caspase-3/9 activities, which were increased compared with the miR-371b-5p-transfected group without PI3K inhibitor treatment (Fig. 7H and I). These results indicated that miR-371b-5p may regulate PAEC death via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by PTEN expression; however, the downstream channel of PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways has a great number of roles in PAH and requires further investigation.

Figure 7.

Inhibition of PI3K inhibits the effects of miR-371b-5p on pulmonary arterial endothelial cell death in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery hypertension. (A) Representative western blot bands for the protein expression of PI3K and p-Akt following transfection of cells with miR-371b-5p, with or without PI3K inhibitor treatment, or miR-NC. Densitometric analysis was performed to quantify and statistically analyze the protein expression of (B) p-Akt and (C) PI3K. (D) Cell proliferation was measured by an MTT assay. (E) LDH activity was measured in cells transfected with miR-371b-5p, with or without PI3K inhibitor treatment, or miR-NC. (F) Cell apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry following annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining. (G) Q4-UR and Q4-LR indicate apoptotic cells). Representative flow cytometry plots following staining for apoptosis. The activity of (H) caspase-3 and (I) caspase-9 was also measured in cells transfected with miR-371b-5p, with or without PI3K inhibitor treatment, or miR-NC. ##P<0.01 vs. miR-NC group; **P<0.01 vs. miR-371b-5p group. PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; miR, microRNA; p-, phosphorylated-; NC, negative control; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PI3K I, PI3K inhibitor; OD, optical density.

Effects of miR-371b-5p on eNOS, AP-1 and KLF-2 levels in PAECs

The effects of miR-371b-5p on downstream PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were investigated in PAECs; eNOS, AP-1 and KLF-2 expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. As presented in Fig. 8A-D, anti-miR-371b-5p significantly suppressed eNOS protein expression, and induced AP-1 and KLF-2 protein expression, in an in vitro model of PAH, compared with the NC group. By contrast, miR-371b-5p transfection significantly induced eNOS, and suppressed AP-1 and KLF-2 protein expression levels, in an in vitro model of PAH, compared with the NC group (Fig. 8E-H).

Figure 8.

Effects of miR-371b-5p on eNOS, AP-1 and KLF-2 levels in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells from rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. (A) Representative western blot bands for the protein expression of eNOS, AP-1 and KLF-2 following transfection of cells with anti-miR-371b-5p or anti-NC. Densitometric analysis was performed to quantify and statistically analyze the protein expression of (B) eNOS, (C) AP-1 and (D) KLF-2. (E) Representative western blot bands for the protein expression of eNOS, AP-1 and KLF-2 following transfection of cells with miR-371b-5p or miR-NC. Densitometric analysis was performed to quantify and statistically analyze the protein expression of (F) eNOS, (G) AP-1 and (H) KLF-2. ##P<0.01 vs. anti-NC or miR-NC group. miR, microRNA; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; AP-1, AP-1 transcription factor; NC, negative control; anti-371b-5p, anti-miR-371b-5p; KLF-2, Krüppel-like factor-2.

Inhibition of PTEN or PI3K affects miR-371b-5p-mediated effects on eNOS, AP-1 and KLF2 expression in an in vitro model of PAH. The present study investigated whether PTEN or PI3K inhibitor may regulate the effects of miR-371b-5p on downstream PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling in an in vitro model of PAH. As presented in Fig. 9A-D, PTEN inhibitor significantly induced the expression of eNOS protein, and suppressed AP-1 and KLF-2 protein expression levels in PAECs following anti-miR-371b-5p transfection, compared with theanti-miR-371b-5p-transfected group without PTEN inhibitor treatment. By contrast, PI3K inhibitor significantly suppressed eNOS protein expression, and increased the expression of AP-1 and KLF-2 protein in PAECs following miR-371b-5p transfection, compared with the miR-371b-5p-transfected group without PI3K inhibitor treatment (Fig. 9E-H). These results demonstrated that miR-371b-5p upregulation may inhibit PAEC apoptosis in monocrotaline-induced PAH via PTEN/PI3K/Akt/eNOS-AP-1 and KLF-2 signaling pathways (Fig. 10).

Figure 9.

Inhibition of PTEN or PI3K affects miR-371b-5p-mediated effects on eNOS, AP-1 and KLF-2 levels in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells from rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. (A) Representative western blot bands for the protein expression of eNOS, AP-1 and KLF-2 following transfection of cells with anti-miR-371b-5p, with or without PTEN inhibitor treatment, or anti-NC. Densitometric analysis was performed to quantify and statistically analyze the protein expression of (B) eNOS, (C) AP-1and (D) KLF-2. (E) Representative western blot bands for the protein expression of eNOS, AP-1 and KLF-2 following transfection of cells with miR-371b-5p, with or without PI3K inhibitor treatment, or miR-NC. Densitometric analysis was performed to quantify and statistically analyze the protein expression of (F) eNOS, (G) AP-1 and (H) KLF-2. ##P<0.01 vs. anti-NC or miR-NC group; **P<0.01 vs. anti-371b-5p or miR-371b-5p group. PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; miR, microRNA; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; AP-1, AP-1 transcription factor; NC, negative control; anti-371b-5p, anti-miR-371b-5p; PTEN I, PTEN inhibitor; PI3K I, PI3K inhibitor; KLF-2, Krüppel-like factor-2.

Figure 10.

miR-371b-5p inhibits pulmonary arterial endothelial cell apoptosis in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension via PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. miR, microRNA; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; AP-1, AP-1 transcription factor; KLF-2, Krüppel-like factor-2.

Discussion

PAH is a clinical syndrome characterized by aprogressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (13). It induces pathological increases in PA pressure by blocking pulmonary circulation (13). Therefore, PAH can lead to right heart failure and mortality, and is associated with markedly poor prognosis (14). PAH has been regarded as the malignant tumor of the cardiovascular system (14). At present, anti-PAH drugs applied in the clinic are notably limited in China; such treatments are restricted to endothelial cell diastolic and systolic regulatory factors (14). Collectively, the findings of the present study indicated that miR-371b-5p may be downregulated in monocrotaline-induced PAH rat models, compared control rats.

miRNAs were first detected in the worm and fruit fly, and since then it is has been suggested in a study that miRNAs may be a key regulatory factor in the formation of mammalian cardiovascular disease (15). miRNAs regulate the expression of numerous mRNAs. Thus, miRNAs have important functions in biological processes (16). It has been reported that miRNAs have diverse functions in the cardiovascular system (15). The discovery of potential roles for miRNAs in the cardiovascular system has provided a novel area for research concerning the mechanism and prevention of cardiovascular disease (15). Furthermore, the present study revealed that an miR-371b-5p inhibitor increased cell apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation in monocrotaline-induced PAH cells.

A study concerning PTEN have been primarily focused in the cancer field (17). It has been demonstrated that a PTEN deletion or mutation may induce prostate cancer and breast cancer (17). In addition, it has previously been reported that PTEN inactivation in primary PA smooth muscle cells prompted smooth muscle cells to produce pro-inflammatory factors (18). Furthermore, inflammatory cell aggregation may lead to the development of PAH (19). PTEN expression has also been reported to promote the differentiation of smooth muscle progenitor cells to smooth muscle cells and their migration. Additionally, alterations in the PTEN/Akt signaling pathway have been associated with smooth muscle cell proliferation and intima formation (7,18). Similarly, the present study reported that the inhibition of miR-371b-5p suppressed eNOS protein expression levels, and induced AP-1 and KLF-2 protein expression in PAECs from rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH via the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, Quan et al (20) revealed that the exosomal miR-371b-5p may promote proliferation by employing PTEN to orchestrate PI3K/Akt signaling within lung alveolar progenitor type II cells (20).

The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is an important intracellular molecular signaling pathway and eNOS is a downstream target of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (21). NOS has three isomers (21); eNOS is the major pathway through which vascular endothelial cells produce NO (22). PI3K activates the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS. In addition, it has been reported to upregulate NO synthesis and secretion (22). Furthermore, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway exerts protective effects on the cell proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and directly protect endothelial cell structure and function, thus potentially protecting the cardiovascular function (23). Estrogen has also been closely associated with eNOS and the promotion of NO synthesis and secretion. NO synthesis inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and reduces vascular tension (23). Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that treatment with a PTEN inhibitor inhibited the effects of anti-miR-371b-5p on cell apoptosis, while a PI3K inhibitor may mimic the effects of anti-miR-371b-5p on PAEC apoptosis.

In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that miR-371b-5p upregulation may inhibit PAEC apoptosis in monocrotaline-induced PAH via the PTEN/PI3K/Akt/eNOS-AP-1 and KLF-2 signaling pathways, which may provide novel insight into the mechanisms of miR-371b-5p in the treatment of PAH.