23Na and 31P NMR studies of the effects of salt stress on the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6311.

We have used 23Na and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to elucidate some of the bioenergetic changes that occur in the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6311 after a transition from growth medium (Na concentration 0.01 M) to medium containing 0.5 M NaCl. 23Na NMR analysis showed Na rapidly penetrates the cells under dark aerobic conditions; cells grown for several days in high salt medium, however, reestablish a low internal sodium content, comparable to control cells. For 31P NMR analysis, a system was devised to aerate and illuminate cell suspensions during spectral acquisition. The NMR spectra showed that when cells are presented with 0.5 M NaCl (final concentration), nucleotide triphosphate peaks decrease, the inorganic phosphate peak increases, and the cytoplasmic pH transiently increases from 7.4 to 7.9. Pyrophosphate added to cell suspensions is hydrolyzed to inorganic phosphate apparently by an extracellular phosphatase, allowing external and internal pools of inorganic phosphate to be distinguished. Nucleotide triphosphate levels fall almost as much when cells are incubated in darkness as under anoxia, indicating that both respiration and photosynthesis contribute to the maintenance of intracellular ATP levels. Cells grown in high salt medium for several generations exhibited a pattern of 31P metabolites similar to control cells, except that they produced more (and more intense) peaks in the monoester phosphate region, presumably signals from sugar phosphates.