Annemarie B Docherty1,2,3, Shirjel Alam4, Anoop S Shah4, Alastair Moss4, David E Newby4, Nicholas L Mills4, Simon J Stanworth5,6, Nazir I Lone7,8, Timothy S Walsh7,9. 1. Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 2nd Floor Anaesthetics Corridor, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK. Annemarie.docherty@ed.ac.uk. 2. Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Annemarie.docherty@ed.ac.uk. 3. The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Annemarie.docherty@ed.ac.uk. 4. Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. 5. Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 6. Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK. 7. Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 2nd Floor Anaesthetics Corridor, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK. 8. The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. 9. Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To establish the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in ICU patients with co-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD), and explore its association with long-term survival. METHODS: In a multi-centre prospective cohort study in 11 UK ICUs, we enrolled 273 critically ill patients with co-existing CVD. We measured troponin I (cTnI) with a high sensitivity assay for 10 days; ECGs were carried out daily for 5 days and analysed by blinded cardiologists for dynamic changes. Data were combined to diagnose myocardial 'infarction', 'injury' or 'no injury' according to the third universal definition of MI. Patients were followed-up for 6 months. Regression and mediation analyses were used to explore relationships between acute physiological derangements, MI, and mortality. RESULTS: cTnI was detected in all patients, with a rise/fall pattern consistent with an acute hit. In 73% of patients, this peaked on days 1-3 [median 114 ng/l (first, third quartiles: 27, 393)]. Serial ECGs indicated 24.2% (n = 66) of patients experienced MI, but > 95% were unrecognized by clinical teams. Type 2 MI was the most likely aetiology in all cases. A further 46.1% (n = 126) experienced injury (no ECG changes). Injury and MI were both associated with 6-month mortality (reference: no injury): OR injury 2.28 (95% CI 1.06-4.92, p = 0.035), OR MI 2.70 (95% CI 1.11-6.55, p = 0.028). Mediation analysis suggested MI partially mediated the relationship between acute physiological derangement and 6-month mortality (p = 0.002), suggesting a possible causal association. CONCLUSIONS: Undiagnosed MI occurs in around a quarter of critically ill patients with co-existing CVD and is associated with lower long-term survival.
PURPOSE: To establish the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in ICU patients with co-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD), and explore its association with long-term survival. METHODS: In a multi-centre prospective cohort study in 11 UK ICUs, we enrolled 273 critically ill patients with co-existing CVD. We measured troponin I (cTnI) with a high sensitivity assay for 10 days; ECGs were carried out daily for 5 days and analysed by blinded cardiologists for dynamic changes. Data were combined to diagnose myocardial 'infarction', 'injury' or 'no injury' according to the third universal definition of MI. Patients were followed-up for 6 months. Regression and mediation analyses were used to explore relationships between acute physiological derangements, MI, and mortality. RESULTS: cTnI was detected in all patients, with a rise/fall pattern consistent with an acute hit. In 73% of patients, this peaked on days 1-3 [median 114 ng/l (first, third quartiles: 27, 393)]. Serial ECGs indicated 24.2% (n = 66) of patients experienced MI, but > 95% were unrecognized by clinical teams. Type 2 MI was the most likely aetiology in all cases. A further 46.1% (n = 126) experienced injury (no ECG changes). Injury and MI were both associated with 6-month mortality (reference: no injury): OR injury 2.28 (95% CI 1.06-4.92, p = 0.035), OR MI 2.70 (95% CI 1.11-6.55, p = 0.028). Mediation analysis suggested MI partially mediated the relationship between acute physiological derangement and 6-month mortality (p = 0.002), suggesting a possible causal association. CONCLUSIONS: Undiagnosed MI occurs in around a quarter of critically ill patients with co-existing CVD and is associated with lower long-term survival.
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