Recent advances in anaerobic biological processes for textile printing and dyeing wastewater treatment: a mini-review.

Textile printing and dyeing wastewater is usually characterized by high pH, high turbidity, poor bio-degradability, complex composition, and high chrominance, and is discharged in large amounts. It has been regarded as one of the hardest to treat forms of industrial wastewater. Conventional physicochemical technologies can remove these contaminants from water bodies, but at the expense of high energy consumption and high cost. Alternatively, biological processes with limited energy consumption, low cost and high efficiency are considered as promising technologies. Among them, the anaerobic biological processes have been proven to be effective for the treatment of high-concentration textile printing and dyeing wastewater. In this mini-review, recent advances on high-rate anaerobic technologies for such purposes are reviewed. Current limitations of these technologies are summarized, and future research directions are indicated.