RATIONALE: The use of real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation during sleep-related respiratory events can lead to better understanding of airway dynamics. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the dynamic anatomy of the upper airway during central apnea. METHODS: The study included obese adolescents who snore and were otherwise healthy. Subjects underwent an overnight baseline polysomnogram. Subjects slept during a 24-minute real-time upper airway MRI scan wearing a full face mask attached to a pneumotach. Sleep versus wakefulness during the MRI was inferred from the heart rate and respiratory patterns. Central apneas were scored using tracings of facemask airflow and abdominal bellows. The cross-sectional area of the upper airway before, during, and after each central apnea event was recorded. RESULTS: Eight subjects were studied and 57 central apnea events were observed during real-time MRI scanning during natural sleep. The median age of subjects was 14.0 years (interquartile range [IQR], 13.5 to 15.5). The median average reduction in cross-sectional area during central apnea events was -38% (IQR, -27 to -51) for primary snorers and -45% (IQR, -40 to -54) for subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. The percentage decrease in cross-sectional area of upper airway during a central apnea event was positively correlated to the length of the central apnea (ρ = 0.389; r2 = 0.152; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that there is upper airway narrowing during central apneas during natural sleep in obese adolescent subjects, using real-time MRI.
RATIONALE: The use of real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation during sleep-related respiratory events can lead to better understanding of airway dynamics. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the dynamic anatomy of the upper airway during central apnea. METHODS: The study included obese adolescents who snore and were otherwise healthy. Subjects underwent an overnight baseline polysomnogram. Subjects slept during a 24-minute real-time upper airway MRI scan wearing a full face mask attached to a pneumotach. Sleep versus wakefulness during the MRI was inferred from the heart rate and respiratory patterns. Central apneas were scored using tracings of facemask airflow and abdominal bellows. The cross-sectional area of the upper airway before, during, and after each central apnea event was recorded. RESULTS: Eight subjects were studied and 57 central apnea events were observed during real-time MRI scanning during natural sleep. The median age of subjects was 14.0 years (interquartile range [IQR], 13.5 to 15.5). The median average reduction in cross-sectional area during central apnea events was -38% (IQR, -27 to -51) for primary snorers and -45% (IQR, -40 to -54) for subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. The percentage decrease in cross-sectional area of upper airway during a central apnea event was positively correlated to the length of the central apnea (ρ = 0.389; r2 = 0.152; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that there is upper airway narrowing during central apneas during natural sleep in obese adolescent subjects, using real-time MRI.
Entities:
Keywords:
airway obstruction; cine magnetic resonance imaging; obstructive sleep apnea; sleep-disordered breathing
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