High-frequency changes in transcriptional activity in polyomavirus-transformed cell lines.

We applied the Luria and Delbruck fluctuation test to analyze high-frequency changes in the phenotype of rat cells transformed by a plasmid carrying the polyomavirus middle T (pmt) gene. All of the transformed cell lines analyzed were capable of switching to the normal state with rates ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-2) per cell per generation. Analysis of both middle T antigen and middle T transcripts indicated that the reversion occurred by a mechanism involving a transcriptional block of the pmt locus. Cell lines containing two separate loci reverted with a lower rate, suggesting that phenotypic switching in these cells involved two independent events affecting each locus. The flat revertants mutated to the transformed state with rates in the range of 10(-5) to 5 X 10(-5) per cell per generation. To determine whether changes in pmt expression would affect neighboring sequences, we transfected a hybrid plasmid carrying pmt linked to the neo marker and selected either for morphological transformants or for G418-resistant cells. Although their coordinate regulation was not absolute, both genes were usually subject to the same changes, reflected by loss and reacquisition of transcriptional activity.