Real-Time PCR Protocol for Phytoplasma Detection and Quantification.

Phytoplasmas are mollicutes restricted to plant phloem tissue and are normally present at very low concentrations. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) offers several advantages over conventional PCR. It is a fast, sensitive, and reliable detection technique amenable to high throughput. Two fluorescent chemistries are available, intercalating dyes or hybridization probes. Intercalating dyes are relatively less expensive than TaqMan® hybridization probes but the latter chemistry is the most commonly used for phytoplasma detection. qPCR may be designed for universal detection of phytoplasma, group or subgroup specific detection, or for simultaneous detection of up to three or four phytoplasmas (multiplexing). qPCR may be used for relative or absolute quantification in host plants and in insect vectors. Therefore, qPCR plays an important role in phytoplasma detection as well as in host-pathogen interaction and in epidemiological studies. This chapter outlines the protocols followed in qPCR assay for phytoplasma detection and quantification, focusing mainly on the use of TaqMan® probes.