D James Cooper1,2, Alistair D Nichol1,2,3,4,5, Michael Bailey1, Stephen Bernard2,6, Peter A Cameron7,8,9,10, Sébastien Pili-Floury11, Andrew Forbes7, Dashiell Gantner1,2,8, Alisa M Higgins1, Olivier Huet1,12,13, Jessica Kasza7, Lynne Murray1, Lynette Newby1,14, Jeffrey J Presneill1,15,16, Stephen Rashford17, Jeffrey V Rosenfeld18,19,20, Michael Stephenson1,6, Shirley Vallance1,2, Dinesh Varma19,21, Steven A R Webb1,22, Tony Trapani1,2, Colin McArthur1,14. 1. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 2. Departments of Intensive Care, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 3. Irish Critical Care Clinical Trials Network, University College Dublin-Clinical Research Centre at St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. 4. Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. 5. School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. 6. Ambulance Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 7. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 8. Centre of Excellence in Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 9. Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Dhueta, Qatar. 10. Emergency and Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 11. Service de Réanimation Chirurgicale, Pôle d'Anesthésie et Réanimation Chirurgicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besancon, Besançon, France. 12. Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Hôpital de La Cavale Blanche, CHRU de Brest, Brest, France. 13. UFR de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Bretagne Occidenta, Brest, France. 14. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. 15. Intensive Care Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 16. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 17. Queensland Ambulance Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 18. Neurosurgery, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 19. Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 20. Department of Surgery, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. 21. Radiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 22. Intensive Care Unit, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Abstract
Importance: After severe traumatic brain injury, induction of prophylactic hypothermia has been suggested to be neuroprotective and improve long-term neurologic outcomes. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of early prophylactic hypothermia compared with normothermic management of patients after severe traumatic brain injury. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Prophylactic Hypothermia Trial to Lessen Traumatic Brain Injury-Randomized Clinical Trial (POLAR-RCT) was a multicenter randomized trial in 6 countries that recruited 511 patients both out-of-hospital and in emergency departments after severe traumatic brain injury. The first patient was enrolled on December 5, 2010, and the last on November 10, 2017. The final date of follow-up was May 15, 2018. Interventions: There were 266 patients randomized to theprophylactic hypothermia group and 245 to normothermic management. Prophylactic hypothermia targeted the early induction of hypothermia (33°C-35°C) for at least 72 hours and up to 7 days if intracranial pressures were elevated, followed by gradual rewarming. Normothermia targeted 37°C, using surface-cooling wraps when required. Temperature was managed in both groups for 7 days. All other care was at the discretion of the treating physician. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was favorable neurologic outcomes or independent living (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended score, 5-8 [scale range, 1-8]) obtained by blinded assessors 6 months after injury. Results: Among 511 patients who were randomized, 500 provided ongoing consent (mean age, 34.5 years [SD, 13.4]; 402 men [80.2%]) and 466 completed the primary outcome evaluation. Hypothermia was initiated rapidly after injury (median, 1.8 hours [IQR, 1.0-2.7 hours]) and rewarming occurred slowly (median, 22.5 hours [IQR, 16-27 hours]). Favorable outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended score, 5-8) at 6 months occurred in 117 patients (48.8%) in the hypothermia group and 111 (49.1%) in the normothermia group (risk difference, 0.4% [95% CI, -9.4% to 8.7%]; relative risk with hypothermia, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.82-1.19]; P = .94). In the hypothermia and normothermia groups, the rates of pneumonia were 55.0% vs 51.3%, respectively, and rates of increased intracranial bleeding were 18.1% vs 15.4%, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with severe traumatic brain injury, earlyprophylactic hypothermia compared with normothermia did not improve neurologic outcomes at 6 months. These findings do not support the use of early prophylactic hypothermia for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00987688; Anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12609000764235.
RCT Entities:
Importance: After severe traumatic brain injury, induction of prophylactic hypothermia has been suggested to be neuroprotective and improve long-term neurologic outcomes. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of early prophylactic hypothermia compared with normothermic management of patients after severe traumatic brain injury. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Prophylactic Hypothermia Trial to Lessen Traumatic Brain Injury-Randomized Clinical Trial (POLAR-RCT) was a multicenter randomized trial in 6 countries that recruited 511 patients both out-of-hospital and in emergency departments after severe traumatic brain injury. The first patient was enrolled on December 5, 2010, and the last on November 10, 2017. The final date of follow-up was May 15, 2018. Interventions: There were 266 patients randomized to the prophylactic hypothermia group and 245 to normothermic management. Prophylactic hypothermia targeted the early induction of hypothermia (33°C-35°C) for at least 72 hours and up to 7 days if intracranial pressures were elevated, followed by gradual rewarming. Normothermia targeted 37°C, using surface-cooling wraps when required. Temperature was managed in both groups for 7 days. All other care was at the discretion of the treating physician. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was favorable neurologic outcomes or independent living (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended score, 5-8 [scale range, 1-8]) obtained by blinded assessors 6 months after injury. Results: Among 511 patients who were randomized, 500 provided ongoing consent (mean age, 34.5 years [SD, 13.4]; 402 men [80.2%]) and 466 completed the primary outcome evaluation. Hypothermia was initiated rapidly after injury (median, 1.8 hours [IQR, 1.0-2.7 hours]) and rewarming occurred slowly (median, 22.5 hours [IQR, 16-27 hours]). Favorable outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended score, 5-8) at 6 months occurred in 117 patients (48.8%) in the hypothermia group and 111 (49.1%) in the normothermia group (risk difference, 0.4% [95% CI, -9.4% to 8.7%]; relative risk with hypothermia, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.82-1.19]; P = .94). In the hypothermia and normothermia groups, the rates of pneumonia were 55.0% vs 51.3%, respectively, and rates of increased intracranial bleeding were 18.1% vs 15.4%, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with severe traumatic brain injury, early prophylactic hypothermia compared with normothermia did not improve neurologic outcomes at 6 months. These findings do not support the use of early prophylactic hypothermia for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00987688; Anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12609000764235.
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