Giorgio Gandaglia1, Guillaume Ploussard2, Massimo Valerio3, Agostino Mattei4, Cristian Fiori5, Nicola Fossati1, Armando Stabile1, Jean-Baptiste Beauval6, Bernard Malavaud6, Mathieu Roumiguié6, Daniele Robesti1, Paolo Dell'Oglio1, Marco Moschini4, Stefania Zamboni4, Arnas Rakauskas3, Francesco De Cobelli7, Francesco Porpiglia5, Francesco Montorsi8, Alberto Briganti9. 1. Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. 2. Department of Urology, Saint Jean Languedoc/La Croix du Sud Hospital, Toulouse, France. 3. Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland. 4. Klinik für Urologie, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland. 5. Division of Urology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy. 6. Department of Urology, Andrology and Renal Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France. 7. Unit of Clinical Research in Radiology, Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. 8. Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. 9. Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: briganti.alberto@hsr.it.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Available models for predicting lymph node invasion (LNI) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) might not be applicable to men diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted biopsies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of available tools to predict LNI and to develop a novel model for men diagnosed via MRI-targeted biopsies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 497 patients diagnosed via MRI-targeted biopsies and treated with RP and extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) at five institutions were retrospectively identified. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Three available models predicting LNI were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration plots, and decision curve analyses. A nomogram predicting LNI was developed and internally validated. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall, 62 patients (12.5%) had LNI. The median number of nodes removed was 15. The AUC for the Briganti 2012, Briganti 2017, and MSKCC nomograms was 82%, 82%, and 81%, respectively, and their calibration characteristics were suboptimal. A model including PSA, clinical stage and maximum diameter of the index lesion on multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), grade group on targeted biopsy, and the presence of clinically significant PCa on concomitant systematic biopsy had an AUC of 86% and represented the basis for a coefficient-based nomogram. This tool exhibited a higher AUC and higher net benefit compared to available models developed using standard biopsies. Using a cutoff of 7%, 244 ePLNDs (57%) would be spared and a lower number of LNIs would be missed compared to available nomograms (1.6% vs 4.6% vs 4.5% vs 4.2% for the new nomogram vs Briganti 2012 vs Briganti 2017 vs MSKCC). CONCLUSIONS: Available models predicting LNI are characterized by suboptimal accuracy and clinical net benefit for patients diagnosed via MRI-targeted biopsies. A novel nomogram including mpMRI and MRI-targeted biopsy data should be used to identify candidates for ePLND in this setting. PATIENT SUMMARY: We developed the first nomogram to predict lymph node invasion (LNI) in prostate cancer patients diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy undergoing radical prostatectomy. Adoption of this model to identify candidates for extended pelvic lymph node dissection could avoid up to 60% of these procedures at the cost of missing only 1.6% patients with LNI.
BACKGROUND: Available models for predicting lymph node invasion (LNI) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) might not be applicable to men diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted biopsies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of available tools to predict LNI and to develop a novel model for men diagnosed via MRI-targeted biopsies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 497 patients diagnosed via MRI-targeted biopsies and treated with RP and extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) at five institutions were retrospectively identified. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Three available models predicting LNI were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration plots, and decision curve analyses. A nomogram predicting LNI was developed and internally validated. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall, 62 patients (12.5%) had LNI. The median number of nodes removed was 15. The AUC for the Briganti 2012, Briganti 2017, and MSKCC nomograms was 82%, 82%, and 81%, respectively, and their calibration characteristics were suboptimal. A model including PSA, clinical stage and maximum diameter of the index lesion on multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), grade group on targeted biopsy, and the presence of clinically significant PCa on concomitant systematic biopsy had an AUC of 86% and represented the basis for a coefficient-based nomogram. This tool exhibited a higher AUC and higher net benefit compared to available models developed using standard biopsies. Using a cutoff of 7%, 244 ePLNDs (57%) would be spared and a lower number of LNIs would be missed compared to available nomograms (1.6% vs 4.6% vs 4.5% vs 4.2% for the new nomogram vs Briganti 2012 vs Briganti 2017 vs MSKCC). CONCLUSIONS: Available models predicting LNI are characterized by suboptimal accuracy and clinical net benefit for patients diagnosed via MRI-targeted biopsies. A novel nomogram including mpMRI and MRI-targeted biopsy data should be used to identify candidates for ePLND in this setting. PATIENT SUMMARY: We developed the first nomogram to predict lymph node invasion (LNI) in prostate cancerpatients diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy undergoing radical prostatectomy. Adoption of this model to identify candidates for extended pelvic lymph node dissection could avoid up to 60% of these procedures at the cost of missing only 1.6% patients with LNI.
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