Thomas Reinehr1, Christian Ludwig Roth2,3. 1. Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Dr. F. Steiner Str. 5, D-45711, Datteln, Germany. T.Reinehr@kinderklinik-datteln.de. 2. Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. 3. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic inflammation, adipokines, and hepatokines have been identified as basis of insulin resistance and β cell failure in animal models. We present our current knowledge concerning the potential relationship between these cytokines, inflammation, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the pediatric population. RECENT FINDINGS: Pro-inflammatory cytokines related to insulin resistance and MetS in children are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, interferon gamma, pigment epithelium-derived factor, chemerin, vaspin, and fetuin A. Anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with insulin resistance and MetS in children are leptin, adiponectin, omentin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, osteocalcin, and irisin. These anti-inflammatory cytokines are decreased (adiponectin, omentin, and osteocalcin) or increased (leptin, FGF-21, and irisin) in obesity suggesting a resistance state. TNF-α, fetuin A, and FGF-21 are altered in obese children with T2DM suggesting an involvement in β cell failure. These cytokines, adipokines, and hepatokines may be able to predict development of MetS and T2DM and have a potential therapeutic target ameliorating insulin resistance.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic inflammation, adipokines, and hepatokines have been identified as basis of insulin resistance and β cell failure in animal models. We present our current knowledge concerning the potential relationship between these cytokines, inflammation, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the pediatric population. RECENT FINDINGS: Pro-inflammatory cytokines related to insulin resistance and MetS in children are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, interferon gamma, pigment epithelium-derived factor, chemerin, vaspin, and fetuin A. Anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with insulin resistance and MetS in children are leptin, adiponectin, omentin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, osteocalcin, and irisin. These anti-inflammatory cytokines are decreased (adiponectin, omentin, and osteocalcin) or increased (leptin, FGF-21, and irisin) in obesity suggesting a resistance state. TNF-α, fetuin A, and FGF-21 are altered in obesechildren with T2DM suggesting an involvement in β cell failure. These cytokines, adipokines, and hepatokines may be able to predict development of MetS and T2DM and have a potential therapeutic target ameliorating insulin resistance.
Authors: Paul W Franks; Robert L Hanson; William C Knowler; Maurice L Sievers; Peter H Bennett; Helen C Looker Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2010-02-11 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Kyle L Sunderland; Jeanie B Tryggestad; Joshua J Wang; April M Teague; Lauren V Pratt; Sarah X Zhang; David M Thompson; Kevin R Short Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2012-08-28 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: J Oświęcimska; A Suwała; E Świętochowska; Z Ostrowska; P Gorczyca; K Ziora-Jakutowicz; E Machura; M Szczepańska; M Kukla; M Stojewska; D Ziora; K Ziora Journal: Physiol Res Date: 2015-03-24 Impact factor: 1.881
Authors: Adrian M Gonzalez-Gil; Mariana Peschard-Franco; Elena C Castillo; Gustavo Gutierrez-DelBosque; Victor Treviño; Christian Silva-Platas; Luisa Perez-Villarreal; Gerardo Garcia-Rivas; Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor Journal: Diabetol Metab Syndr Date: 2019-08-05 Impact factor: 3.320
Authors: Omaima M Sabek; Maria J Redondo; Duc T Nguyen; Christine A Beamish; Daniel W Fraga; Christiane S Hampe; Surya N Mulukutla; Edward A Graviss; A Osama Gaber Journal: Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Date: 2019-11-29
Authors: Anna S Huerta-Delgado; Daniel N Roffe-Vazquez; Adrian M Gonzalez-Gil; José R Villarreal-Calderón; Oscar Tamez-Rivera; Nora A Rodriguez-Gutierrez; Elena C Castillo; Christian Silva-Platas; Gerardo Garcia-Rivas; Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor Journal: J Diabetes Res Date: 2020-09-04 Impact factor: 4.011