Alexandria Meyer1, Daniel N Klein2. 1. Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32304, United States of America. Electronic address: meyer@psy.fsu.edu. 2. Stony Brook University, United States of America.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We examine the relationship between individual differences in temperament (cognitive control, fear, and shyness) and the error-related negativity (i.e., the ERN) in a large sample of young children. Furthermore, we explore to what extent variation in temperament may underlie the associations between the ERN and anxiety disorders versus externalizing disorders. METHOD: Using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), we focus on scales related to cognitive control (attentional focusing, attentional shifting, and inhibitory control) and a fearful/anxious temperament (fearfulness and shyness). We use diagnostic interviews to assess anxiety (specific phobia, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and agoraphobia) and externalizing disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ADHD, and oppositional defiant disorder; ODD). A go/no-go task was used to measure the ERN. RESULTS: Results suggest that while shyness was related to an increased ERN, fearfulness was associated with a decreased ERN. Moreover, increased cognitive control was related to an increased ERN, and an exploratory model suggested that while shyness displayed an independent relationship with the ERN, the relationship between fear and the ERN was accounted for by deficits in cognitive control. Additionally, we found that the ERN was increased in children with anxiety disorders, and that this association was explained by shyness, but not fear or cognitive control. In contrast, the ERN was blunted in children with externalizing disorders (ADHD or ODD), and this association was accounted for by lower levels of both shyness and cognitive control. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results are novel insofar as they suggest that the temperamental factors of shyness and cognitive control may underlie the associations between the ERN and internalizing versus externalizing disorders.
OBJECTIVE: We examine the relationship between individual differences in temperament (cognitive control, fear, and shyness) and the error-related negativity (i.e., the ERN) in a large sample of young children. Furthermore, we explore to what extent variation in temperament may underlie the associations between the ERN and anxiety disorders versus externalizing disorders. METHOD: Using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), we focus on scales related to cognitive control (attentional focusing, attentional shifting, and inhibitory control) and a fearful/anxious temperament (fearfulness and shyness). We use diagnostic interviews to assess anxiety (specific phobia, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and agoraphobia) and externalizing disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ADHD, and oppositional defiant disorder; ODD). A go/no-go task was used to measure the ERN. RESULTS: Results suggest that while shyness was related to an increased ERN, fearfulness was associated with a decreased ERN. Moreover, increased cognitive control was related to an increased ERN, and an exploratory model suggested that while shyness displayed an independent relationship with the ERN, the relationship between fear and the ERN was accounted for by deficits in cognitive control. Additionally, we found that the ERN was increased in children with anxiety disorders, and that this association was explained by shyness, but not fear or cognitive control. In contrast, the ERN was blunted in children with externalizing disorders (ADHD or ODD), and this association was accounted for by lower levels of both shyness and cognitive control. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results are novel insofar as they suggest that the temperamental factors of shyness and cognitive control may underlie the associations between the ERN and internalizing versus externalizing disorders.
Authors: Jamie M Lawler; Jessica Hruschak; Kristin Aho; Yanni Liu; Ka I Ip; Renee Lajiness-O'Neill; Katherine L Rosenblum; Maria Muzik; Kate D Fitzgerald Journal: Brain Behav Date: 2020-12-22 Impact factor: 2.708
Authors: Jennifer H Suor; Maria Granros; Autumn Kujawa; Kate D Fitzgerald; Christopher S Monk; K Luan Phan; Katie L Burkhouse Journal: Dev Psychobiol Date: 2020-08-02 Impact factor: 3.038
Authors: T X F Seow; E Benoit; C Dempsey; M Jennings; A Maxwell; M McDonough; C M Gillan Journal: Int J Psychophysiol Date: 2020-10-17 Impact factor: 2.997
Authors: Tânia Morgado; Luís Loureiro; Maria Antónia Rebelo Botelho; Maria Isabel Marques; José Ramón Martínez-Riera; Pedro Melo Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-07-29 Impact factor: 3.390