Ena Huseinovic1, Anna Winkvist1, Heinz Freisling2, Nadia Slimani2, Heiner Boeing3, Genevieve Buckland4, Lukas Schwingshackl3, Anja Olsen5, Anne Tjønneland5, Magdalena Stepien2, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault6, Francesca Mancini6, Fanny Artaud6, Tilman Kühn7, Verena Katzke7, Antonia Trichopoulou8, Androniki Naska8, Philippos Orfanos8, Rosario Tumino9, Giovanna Masala10, Vittorio Krogh11, Maria Santucci de Magistris12, Marga C Ocké13, Magritt Brustad14, Torill Enget Jensen14, Guri Skeie14, Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco15, José María Huerta16, Eva Ardanaz16, José Ramón Quirós17, Paula Jakszyn18, Emily Sonestedt19, Ulrika Ericson19, Maria Wennberg20, Timothy J Key21, Dagfinn Aune22, Elio Riboli22, Elisabete Weiderpass23, Heléne Bertéus Forslund1. 1. 1Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition,The Sahlgrenska Academy,University of Gothenburg,Box 459,SE-405 30,Gothenburg,Sweden. 2. 3Nutrition and Metabolism Section,International Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon,France. 3. 4Department of Epidemiology,German Institute of Human Nutrition,Nuthetal,Germany. 4. 5Unit of Nutrition and Cancer,Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme,Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL),Barcelona,Spain. 5. 6Danish Cancer Society Research Center,Copenhagen,Denmark. 6. 7Université Paris-Saclay,Université Paris-Sud,UVSQ,CESP,INSERM,Villejuif,France. 7. 9German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ),Division of Cancer Epidemiology,Heidelberg,Germany. 8. 10Hellenic Health Foundation,Athens,Greece. 9. 12Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department,'Civic - M.P. Arezzo' Hospital,ASP,Ragusa,Italy. 10. 13Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit,Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO,Florence,Italy. 11. 14Epidemiology and Prevention Unit,Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori,Milan,Italy. 12. 15AOU Federico II,Naples,Italy. 13. 16Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM),Bilthoven,The Netherlands. 14. 17UiT The Arctic University of Norway,Tromsø,Norway. 15. 18Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA,Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada,Granada,Spain. 16. 19CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Madrid,Spain. 17. 22Public Health Directorate,Asturias,Spain. 18. 23Unit of Nutrition,Environment and Cancer,L'Hospitallet de Llobregat,Barcelona,Spain. 19. 24Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö,Lund University,Lund,Sweden. 20. 2Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine,Nutritional Research,Umeå University,Umeå,Sweden. 21. 25Cancer Epidemiology Unit,Nuffield Department of Population Health,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK. 22. 26Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,School of Public Health,Imperial College London,London,UK. 23. 27Department of Community Medicine,Faculty of Health Sciences,UIT The Arctic University of Norway,Tromsø,Norway.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine timing of eating across ten European countries. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study using standardized 24 h diet recalls collected during 1995-2000. Eleven predefined food consumption occasions were assessed during the recall interview. We present time of consumption of meals and snacks as well as the later:earlier energy intake ratio, with earlier and later intakes defined as 06.00-14.00 and 15.00-24.00 hours, respectively. Type III tests were used to examine associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health variables with timing of energy intake. SETTING: Ten Western European countries. SUBJECTS: In total, 22 985 women and 13 035 men aged 35-74 years (n 36 020). RESULTS: A south-north gradient was observed for timing of eating, with later consumption of meals and snacks in Mediterranean countries compared with Central and Northern European countries. However, the energy load was reversed, with the later:earlier energy intake ratio ranging from 0·68 (France) to 1·39 (Norway) among women, and from 0·71 (Greece) to 1·35 (the Netherlands) among men. Among women, country, age, education, marital status, smoking, day of recall and season were all independently associated with timing of energy intake (all P<0·05). Among men, the corresponding variables were country, age, education, smoking, physical activity, BMI and day of recall (all P<0·05). CONCLUSIONS: We found pronounced differences in timing of eating across Europe, with later meal timetables but greater energy load earlier during the day in Mediterranean countries compared with Central and Northern European countries.
OBJECTIVE: To examine timing of eating across ten European countries. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study using standardized 24 h diet recalls collected during 1995-2000. Eleven predefined food consumption occasions were assessed during the recall interview. We present time of consumption of meals and snacks as well as the later:earlier energy intake ratio, with earlier and later intakes defined as 06.00-14.00 and 15.00-24.00 hours, respectively. Type III tests were used to examine associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health variables with timing of energy intake. SETTING: Ten Western European countries. SUBJECTS: In total, 22 985 women and 13 035 men aged 35-74 years (n 36 020). RESULTS: A south-north gradient was observed for timing of eating, with later consumption of meals and snacks in Mediterranean countries compared with Central and Northern European countries. However, the energy load was reversed, with the later:earlier energy intake ratio ranging from 0·68 (France) to 1·39 (Norway) among women, and from 0·71 (Greece) to 1·35 (the Netherlands) among men. Among women, country, age, education, marital status, smoking, day of recall and season were all independently associated with timing of energy intake (all P&lt;0·05). Among men, the corresponding variables were country, age, education, smoking, physical activity, BMI and day of recall (all P&lt;0·05). CONCLUSIONS: We found pronounced differences in timing of eating across Europe, with later meal timetables but greater energy load earlier during the day in Mediterranean countries compared with Central and Northern European countries.
Authors: Ruth Díez; Sergio Verd; Jaume Ponce-Taylor; Antonio Gutiérrez; María Llull; María-Isabel Martin-Delgado; Olga Cadevall; Jan Ramakers Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-08-28 Impact factor: 4.614
Authors: Marleen A H Lentjes; Linda M Oude Griep; Angela A Mulligan; Scott Montgomery; Nick J Wareham; Kay-Tee Khaw Journal: Nutrients Date: 2022-01-06 Impact factor: 6.706