Alexandru Hanganu1,2,3,4, Oury Monchi5,6,7,8. 1. Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital DR NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada. 2. Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 3. Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. 4. Department of Psychology, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. 5. Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital DR NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada. oury.monchi@ucalgary.ca. 6. Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. oury.monchi@ucalgary.ca. 7. Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. oury.monchi@ucalgary.ca. 8. Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. oury.monchi@ucalgary.ca.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Parkinson's disease was studied for a long time from the prism of a motor impairment. Recent advances have outlined the importance of cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in the PD equation. This review concentrates on the present possibilities of using neuroimaging techniques in order to quantify the cognitive performance and NPS in PD patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Mild cognitive impairment as well as many NPS have been acknowledged as important criteria for assessing the quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease and have been shown as potential factors in predicting further evolution of PD from a clinical perspective. Some NPS strongly influence cognition (depression, REM sleep behavior disorder), while others are less specifically associated with it (impulse control disorders). Neuroimaging techniques reported specific structural, functional, and metabolic brain changes that might be specific for each NPS type. Recent neuroimaging advances report a strong interrelation between NPS and cognitive performance in PD. A special place for consideration is given to REM sleep behavior disorder, depression, and hallucinations. Nevertheless, some studies report distinct results, outlining that the neuroimaging acquisition and analysis techniques still have limitations and also likely represent the complexity of the manifestation of NPS in PD.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Parkinson's disease was studied for a long time from the prism of a motor impairment. Recent advances have outlined the importance of cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in the PD equation. This review concentrates on the present possibilities of using neuroimaging techniques in order to quantify the cognitive performance and NPS in PDpatients. RECENT FINDINGS: Mild cognitive impairment as well as many NPS have been acknowledged as important criteria for assessing the quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease and have been shown as potential factors in predicting further evolution of PD from a clinical perspective. Some NPS strongly influence cognition (depression, REM sleep behavior disorder), while others are less specifically associated with it (impulse control disorders). Neuroimaging techniques reported specific structural, functional, and metabolic brain changes that might be specific for each NPS type. Recent neuroimaging advances report a strong interrelation between NPS and cognitive performance in PD. A special place for consideration is given to REM sleep behavior disorder, depression, and hallucinations. Nevertheless, some studies report distinct results, outlining that the neuroimaging acquisition and analysis techniques still have limitations and also likely represent the complexity of the manifestation of NPS in PD.
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