Saartje Bloemen1, Suzanne Zwaveling2, Jonathan Douxfils3, Mark Roest4, Romy Kremers2, François Mullier5. 1. Synapse Research Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Electronic address: s.bloemen@thrombin.com. 2. Synapse Research Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. 3. Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium. 4. Synapse Research Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. 5. Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Hematology Laboratory, Namur, Belgium.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Calibrated automated thrombinography (CAT) is a sensitive method to assess coagulation. Dabigatran inhibits both free thrombin and the α2macroglobulin (α2M)-thrombin complex, which results in an erroneously increased peak and endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) without affecting lag time and time-to-peak. The aim of this study was to elucidate the artefacts in CAT when dabigatran is present. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thrombin generation (TG) was measured in vitro by using CAT in the presence or absence of 6 μM idarucizumab in plasma spiked with dabigatran. Additionally, ex vivo measurements were performed in plasmas of 63 patients using dabigatran in the presence and absence of idarucizumab. RESULTS: The in vitro experiments confirmed that the ETP, peak and velocity index were artificially increased. This was mainly due to the inhibition of the calibrator by dabigatran and partly due to CAT algorithms. The calibration artefact could be resolved by adding idarucizumab to the calibrator well. However, the second, mathematical artefact remains when dabigatran is present in the TG well. These findings were corroborated by ex vivo experiments i.e. the lag time and time-to-peak were significantly reduced in patients upon addition of idarucizumab, but the ETP and peak were not significantly affected. The velocity index did change significantly, since this is a combination of time-dependent factors and the peak. CONCLUSIONS: The peak, ETP and velocity index do not represent the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran on TG measured with CAT. The lag time and time-to-peak, however, do reflect the effect of dabigatran.
INTRODUCTION: Calibrated automated thrombinography (CAT) is a sensitive method to assess coagulation. Dabigatran inhibits both free thrombin and the α2macroglobulin (α2M)-thrombin complex, which results in an erroneously increased peak and endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) without affecting lag time and time-to-peak. The aim of this study was to elucidate the artefacts in CAT when dabigatran is present. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Thrombin generation (TG) was measured in vitro by using CAT in the presence or absence of 6 μM idarucizumab in plasma spiked with dabigatran. Additionally, ex vivo measurements were performed in plasmas of 63 patients using dabigatran in the presence and absence of idarucizumab. RESULTS: The in vitro experiments confirmed that the ETP, peak and velocity index were artificially increased. This was mainly due to the inhibition of the calibrator by dabigatran and partly due to CAT algorithms. The calibration artefact could be resolved by adding idarucizumab to the calibrator well. However, the second, mathematical artefact remains when dabigatran is present in the TG well. These findings were corroborated by ex vivo experiments i.e. the lag time and time-to-peak were significantly reduced in patients upon addition of idarucizumab, but the ETP and peak were not significantly affected. The velocity index did change significantly, since this is a combination of time-dependent factors and the peak. CONCLUSIONS: The peak, ETP and velocity index do not represent the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran on TG measured with CAT. The lag time and time-to-peak, however, do reflect the effect of dabigatran.
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