Bladder Bowel Dysfunction.

Bladder bowel dysfunction (BBD) describes a spectrum of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with bowel complaints. The true incidence of BBD is unknown; however, BBD symptoms represent approximately 40% of pediatric urology consultations. Given the close interaction between the bladder and bowel due to their common innervation as well as associated pelvic floor muscles, patients often present with bowel complaints as well. Increasing awareness of BBD over the past 30 years has led to better diagnostic criteria and treatment methods. In this article, we review the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, pathophysiology, and treatment options for children with BBD.