Tamar Berman1, Zohar Barnett-Itzhaki2, Rachel Axelrod3, Lital Keinan-Boker4, Tal Shimony5, Rebecca Goldsmith6, Thomas Göen7, Haim Geva8, Laura Rosen9. 1. Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel; Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: tamar.berman@moh.health.gov.il. 2. Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel; Bioinformatics Department, School of Life and Health Sciences, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel. Electronic address: zohar.barnett@moh.gov.il. 3. Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Gertner Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel. Electronic address: Rachel.Axelrod@moh.gov.il. 4. Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Gertner Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel. Electronic address: lital.keinan2@moh.gov.il. 5. Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Gertner Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel. Electronic address: tal.shimony@moh.gov.il. 6. Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel. Electronic address: rivka.goldsmith@moh.gov.il. 7. Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. Electronic address: thomas.goeen@fau.de. 8. Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel. Electronic address: haim.geva@moh.gov.il. 9. Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: rosenl@post.tau.ac.il.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in infants and children causes more frequent and severe asthma attacks, respiratory infections, ear infections, and sudden infant death syndrome. The aim of this study was to measure ETS exposure in children in Israel (ages 4-11 years) using urinary cotinine measurements, in order to compare exposure levels to other international populations, and to assess predictors of ETS exposure in children in Israel. METHODS: A subset of children who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (RAV- MABAT) in 2015-2016 were invited to participate in the Second Israel Biomonitoring Survey. We analyzed urinary cotinine and creatinine concentrations in 103 children. Parents of study participants were interviewed in person on children's exposure to ETS at home and in other environments and on sociodemographic variables. We calculated creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted urinary cotinine geometric means in children and analyzed associations in univariable and multivariable analyses, between sociodemographic variables and parental - reported exposure, and urinary cotinine concentrations. RESULTS: Based on urinary creatinine measurement, over 60% of children are exposed to ETS (compared to <40% based on parental report). Linear regression showed a positive association between urinary cotinine concentration and reported ETS exposure (p = 0.001). Mean cotinine concentration among children whose parents reported that they are exposed to ETS at home (5.1 μg/l) was significantly higher than the concentration among children whose parents reported they are not exposed to ETS at home (1.6 μg/l, p < 0.001). There was an inverse relationship between total family income and urinary cotinine concentration (p < 0.05). In a multivariable model adjusted for ethnicity and other factors, family income was a significant predictor of urinary cotinine level (p = 0.04, slope = -0.49). Geometric mean creatinine adjusted concentrations in children in the current study were higher than in children in Canada and selected European countries. CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence of widespread exposure to ETS in children in the study. There is an urgent need to protect children in Israel from exposure to ETS.
BACKGROUND: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in infants and children causes more frequent and severe asthma attacks, respiratory infections, ear infections, and sudden infant death syndrome. The aim of this study was to measure ETS exposure in children in Israel (ages 4-11 years) using urinary cotinine measurements, in order to compare exposure levels to other international populations, and to assess predictors of ETS exposure in children in Israel. METHODS: A subset of children who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (RAV- MABAT) in 2015-2016 were invited to participate in the Second Israel Biomonitoring Survey. We analyzed urinary cotinine and creatinine concentrations in 103 children. Parents of study participants were interviewed in person on children's exposure to ETS at home and in other environments and on sociodemographic variables. We calculated creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted urinary cotinine geometric means in children and analyzed associations in univariable and multivariable analyses, between sociodemographic variables and parental - reported exposure, and urinary cotinine concentrations. RESULTS: Based on urinary creatinine measurement, over 60% of children are exposed to ETS (compared to <40% based on parental report). Linear regression showed a positive association between urinary cotinine concentration and reported ETS exposure (p = 0.001). Mean cotinine concentration among children whose parents reported that they are exposed to ETS at home (5.1 μg/l) was significantly higher than the concentration among children whose parents reported they are not exposed to ETS at home (1.6 μg/l, p < 0.001). There was an inverse relationship between total family income and urinary cotinine concentration (p < 0.05). In a multivariable model adjusted for ethnicity and other factors, family income was a significant predictor of urinary cotinine level (p = 0.04, slope = -0.49). Geometric mean creatinine adjusted concentrations in children in the current study were higher than in children in Canada and selected European countries. CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence of widespread exposure to ETS in children in the study. There is an urgent need to protect children in Israel from exposure to ETS.
Authors: Carmela Protano; Vittoria Cammalleri; Arianna Antonucci; Alexandra Sabina Ungureanu; Francesa Santilli; Stefano Martellucci; Vincenzo Mattei; Matteo Vitali Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2019-10-23 Impact factor: 3.390