Natalia M Flores1, Javier Nuevo2, Alyssa B Klein3, Scott Baumgartner4, Robert Morlock5. 1. a Kantar Health, Health Outcomes Research , Foster City , CA , USA. 2. b AstraZeneca , Madrid , Spain. 3. c AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA. 4. d drB Consulting, LLC , Spokane , WA , USA. 5. e YourCareChoice , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the burden of uncontrolled gout by examining estimated costs and cost drivers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the 2012 and 2013 US National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS; 2012 NHWS, n = 71,157 and 2013 NHWS, n = 75,000) were utilized in this study. Based on self-reported gout diagnosis and gout symptoms, respondents were categorized into three groups: controlled gout (n = 344), uncontrolled gout (n = 2,215), and non-gout controls (n = 126,360). Chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVAs) were used to assess group differences on work productivity loss, healthcare resource utilization, and costs. Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions were used to assess the burden of uncontrolled gout on total costs after controlling for covariates. RESULTS: Patients with uncontrolled gout had higher presenteeism, overall work impairment, activity impairment, and number of emergency department visits than those with controlled gout or controls. Overall, uncontrolled gout patients had both higher indirect and total costs compared to patients with controlled gout. After controlling for confounders, those with uncontrolled gout had higher total costs than controlled gout respondents and non-gout controls; there was no significant difference in total costs between patients with controlled gout and non-gout controls. LIMITATIONS: Results were based on cross-sectional, self-reported data, making causal inferences more uncertain. Additionally, sample size was small for controlled-gout respondents. Lastly, sampling weights were not used, thus potentially limiting generalizability. CONCLUSION: Gout can be an expensive condition, particularly if it is not properly controlled. This study provides support that controlling symptoms (e.g. flares) can reduce the economic and societal burden of gout. Therefore, more attention needs to be paid to effective management of gout symptoms.
AIM: To evaluate the burden of uncontrolled gout by examining estimated costs and cost drivers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the 2012 and 2013 US National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS; 2012 NHWS, n = 71,157 and 2013 NHWS, n = 75,000) were utilized in this study. Based on self-reported gout diagnosis and gout symptoms, respondents were categorized into three groups: controlled gout (n = 344), uncontrolled gout (n = 2,215), and non-gout controls (n = 126,360). Chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVAs) were used to assess group differences on work productivity loss, healthcare resource utilization, and costs. Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions were used to assess the burden of uncontrolled gout on total costs after controlling for covariates. RESULTS:Patients with uncontrolled gout had higher presenteeism, overall work impairment, activity impairment, and number of emergency department visits than those with controlled gout or controls. Overall, uncontrolled goutpatients had both higher indirect and total costs compared to patients with controlled gout. After controlling for confounders, those with uncontrolled gout had higher total costs than controlled gout respondents and non-gout controls; there was no significant difference in total costs between patients with controlled gout and non-gout controls. LIMITATIONS: Results were based on cross-sectional, self-reported data, making causal inferences more uncertain. Additionally, sample size was small for controlled-gout respondents. Lastly, sampling weights were not used, thus potentially limiting generalizability. CONCLUSION:Gout can be an expensive condition, particularly if it is not properly controlled. This study provides support that controlling symptoms (e.g. flares) can reduce the economic and societal burden of gout. Therefore, more attention needs to be paid to effective management of gout symptoms.
Entities:
Keywords:
Burden; cross-sectional; direct cost; gout; healthcare resource use; indirect cost; uncontrolled gout; work productivity