Pulmonary Vein Stenosis: Outcomes in Children With Congenital Heart Disease and Prematurity.

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a rare condition that has been linked to prematurity and congenital heart disease (CHD). Despite these associations, treatment options are limited and outcomes are guarded. We investigated differences in PVS outcomes based on the presence of CHD and prematurity, and risk factors for mortality or lung transplantation in PVS. Single-center retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with PVS between January 2005 and May 2016 and identified by ICD codes with chart validation. Cox proportional hazard models assessed risk factors for the composite outcome of mortality or lung transplantation. Ninety-three patients with PVS were identified: 65 (70%) had significant CHD, 32 (34%) were premature, and 14 (15%) were premature with CHD. Sixty-five (70%) underwent a PVS intervention and 42 (46%) underwent ≥2 interventions. Twenty-five subjects (27%) died or underwent lung transplant 5.8 months (interquartile range [IQR] 1.1, 15.3) after diagnosis. There was no difference in age at diagnosis or mortality based on presence of CHD or prematurity. PVS diagnosis before age 6 months and greater than 1 pulmonary vein affected at diagnosis were associated with higher mortality (hazards ratio [HR] 3.4 (95% confidence interval 1.5, 7.5), P = 0.003, and HR 2.1 per additional vein affected (95% confidence interval 1.3, 3.4), P = 0.004, respectively). Survival in children with PVS is poor, independent of underlying CHD or prematurity. Younger age and greater number of veins affected at diagnosis are risk factors for worse outcome. Understanding causal mechanisms and development of treatment strategies are necessary to improve outcomes.